LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


PRACTICAL 


Test-Book  of  Chemistry 


BY 

JOHN  DABNEY  PALMER,  M.A.,  M.D. 


FIRST   EDITION 
FIRST  THOUSAND 


NEW  YORK 

JOHN  WILEY   &   SONS 
LONDON:   CHAPMAN  &  HALL,    LIMITED 
1907 


Copyright,  1907 

BY 

JOHN  DABNEY   PALMER 


ROBERT  DHUMMONJ).   PRINTKR,   NEW  YORK 


PREFACE. 


IN  collecting  these  Tests  and  arranging  them  alpha- 
betically, an  effort  is  made  to  supply  physicians  engaged 
in  practice,  and  pharmacists,  with  a  ready  means  and 
safe  guide  for  testing  any  substance  presented  for  exami- 
nation. And  as  only  practical  information  is  aimed  at, 
the  methods  employed  are  very  simple,  and  form  a.  series 
of  unpretentious  experiments. 

The  Tests  have  been  garnered  from  every  available 
source,  such  as  standard  works  on  chemistry,  "  Proceed- 
ings of  the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association,"  and 
pharmaceutical  journals;  and  in  many  instances  are 
copied  into  the  collection  without  undergoing  any  change. 
It  is  a  recognized  duty  to  give  all  authors  credit  for  their 
work,  but  the  plan  and  limits  of  this  Test-book  forbid 
particular  citation  of  the  many  works  consulted  in  pre- 
paring it ;  it  is  a  book  made  from  other  books. 

The  spelling  adopted  for  scientific  and  chemical  words 
is  that  laid  down  by  the  rules  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  1891.  The  temperatures 
are  given  in  Centigrade. 

J.  D.  P. 

April,  1907. 

iii 


162832 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

PAGE 

ACETANILID 1 

ACETONE 5 

ACETPHENETIDIN 7 

AOETYLPARAAMIDOPHENOL 116 

ACETYLPARAAMIDOPHENOL  SALICYLIC-ESTER 116 

ACONITIN 7 

^ESCULIN 10 

ALBUMEN  IN  URINE 10 

ALOIN 18 

ALPHA  AND  BETA  NAPHTHOL 89 

ALUM 19 

AMIDOACETPARAPHENETIDIN  HYDROCHLORID 100 

AMIDOBENZENE 26 

AMMONIA 20 

AMYGDALIN.  . '. 23 

AMYL  NITRITE 24 

ANALGESIN 30 

ANDROMEDOTOXIN 26 

ANILIN 26 

ANTHRAROBIN 29 

ANTIFEBRIN 1 

ANTIPYRIN 30 

ANTIPYRIN  SALICYLATE 114 

APOCODEIN 32 

APOMORPHIN  HYDROCHLORATE 33 

ARBUTTN 35 

ARISTOL.  .                                                     36 


vi  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

ARSENIC.  .  36 

ASBBOTOXIN 26 

ATROPIN 42 

BENZOYL-SULPHONICIMIDE 110 

BERBERIN 43 

BETOL 45 

BILE  IN  URINE   46 

BLOOD  IN  URINE 49 

BROMOFORM 50 

BRUCIN 50 

CAFFEIN : 52 

CANTHARIDIN 53 

CARBOLIC  ACID 53 

CARPAIN 55 

CHLORAL  HYDRATE 56 

CHRYSAROBIN 57 

ClNCHONIDIN  SULFATE 59 

CINCHONIN  SULFATE 60 

COCAIN  HYDROCHLORATE  .  .  .  . ; 61 

CODEIN 62 

COLCHICIN 63 

CONIIN 64 

CORROSIVE  SUBLIMATE 65 

COTOIN 66 

CREOSOTE ,    67 

CRYPTOPIN 68 

CUMARIN 69 

CUPREIN 70 

DlETHYLENDIAMIN 103 

DlETHYLSULFONDIMETHYLMETHAN 123 

DlGITALIN 70 

Dl-IODODITHYMOL 36 

Dl-IODOPARAPHENOLSULFONIC  SODIUM H9 

DlMETHYLMETHANDIETHYLSULFON 123 

Dl-ISOBUTYLORTHOCRESOL    lODID .  74 

DlMETHYLXANTHIN l27 

DlQUININSULFATE .  1Q6 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS.  vil 

PAGE 

DlSULFONETHYLDIMETHYLMETHAN 123 

DlURETIN 71 

ECGONIN 71 

EMETIN. 71 

ESERIDIN : 72 

ESERIN 73 

ETHYLCARBAMATE 130 

EUROPHEN 74 

GALLIC  ACID 75 

GELSEMIN 73 

GLUSIDUM 110 

GLYCOCOLLPAROPHENITIDIN , 100 

GUAIACOL 78 

HEROIN 78 

HEXAHYDROPYRAZIN 103 

HOMATROPEIN 79 

HOMATROPIN. . 79 

HYDRASTIN 79 

HYOSCIN 80 

HYOSCYAMIN.  . . 81 

IODOL 81 

LAUDANIN 82 

LAUDANOSIN 83 

MENTHOL 84 

METADIOXIBENZOL 108 

METHACETIN 84 

METHYLACETANILID 75 

METHYLPROTOCATECHNALDEHYD 130 

MORPHIN 85 

NAPHTHALIN -. 88 

NAPHTHALENE 88 

NAPHTHALOL 45 

NAPHTHOL 89 

NAPHTHOL  a  AND  /? f 89 

NAPHTHOSALOL 45 

NARCEIN 91 

NARCOTIN.  .  93 


viii  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

NEUTRAL  QUININ  SULFATE  .  .  , 106 

NICOTIN 93 

OREXIN  HYDROCHLORID 94 

ORTHOOXYBENZOIC  ACID 112 

OXIQUINOLINTETRAHYDROMETHYLETHER  SULFATE 125 

OXYTOLUYLATROPEIN 79 

PAPAVERIN 95 

PARA-ACETPHENITIDIN i 98 

PARACOTOIN 96 

PARALDEHYD 96 

PARAOXYMETHYLACETANILID 84 

PELLETIERIN  TANNATE. 97 

PHENACETIN 98 

PHENAZONE 30 

PHENYLACETAMID 1 

PHENYLAMINE 26 

PHENYLDEHYDROQUINOZOLIN  HYDROCHLORID 94 

PHENYLDIMETHYLPYRAZOLONE 30 

PHENOCOLL  HYDROCHLORID 100 

PHENOL 53 

PHENYL  SALICYLATE 115 

PHYSOSTIGNIN 73 

PICROTOXIN 101 

PlLOCARPIN 102 

PlPERAZIN 103 

PlPERIN 103 

PROPYLMETAKRESOL 128 

PYRIDIN 104 

PYROGALLIC  ACID 105 

PYROGALLOL 105 

QUINIDIN  SULFATE 106 

QUININ  SULFATE 106 

QUINOLIN 108 

RESORCIN 108 

RESORCINOL 108 

SACCHARIN 110 

SALICIN.  ,         ,,',,, t , 112 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS.  ix 

PAGE 

SALICYLIC  ACID 112  * 

SALIPYRIN 114 

SALOL 115 

SALOPHEN 116 

SANTONIN 118 

SOZO-IODOL  SODIUM 119 

SPARTEIN  SULFATE 119 

STRYCHNIN 120 

SUGAR  IN  URINE 122 

SULFONAL 123 

TERPIN  HYDRATE 124 

TETRAHYDROPARAQUIN  METHYLPHENATE  SULFATE 125 

TETRAIODOPYRROL 81 

THALLIN  SULFATE 124 

THEBAIN 127 

THEOBROMIN 127 

THYMOL 128 

TRIMETHYLXANTHIN 50 

TRITOPIN 129 

URETHAN 130 

VANILLIN 130 

VERATRIN 131 

YOHIMBINE 132 

ZINC  SULFATE 133 

TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

ALCOHOL 135 

ALLSPICE 139 

ALMOND-OIL 140 

AMBERGRIS 140 

ANIMAL  CHARCOAL 141 

ARROWROOT 141 

ASPHALTUM 142 

BEESWAX 142 

BENZINE 143 

BERGAMOT-OIL 144 


x  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

BLACK  PEPPER 144 

BORAX 144 

BUTTER ' 145 

CALOMEL 148 

CANNED  PEAS,  BEANS,  SPINACH,  ETC 150 

CASTOR-OIL 150 

CHLOROFORM 152 

COCOANUT-OIL 154 

COD-LIVER  OIL 154 

COFFEE 155 

COPAIVA 155 

CREAM  OF  TARTAR 155 

GLYCERIN 157 

GLYCEROL 157 

GOLD  LEAF 159 

GUM  SHELLAC 159 

HONEY 159 

JAM,  JELLY,  MARMALADE,  AND  SAUSAGE 161 

LACTIC  ACID 162 

LAMPBLACK 163 

LARD 165 

LINSEED-OIL  .  . 165 

MENTHOL 167 

MILK .% 167 

OLIVE-OIL 170 

RHUBARB 172 

SAFFRON 172 

SOAP 172 

SUGAR 173 

SULFONAL 174 

TRAGACANTH 174 

TURPENTINE 175 

VANILLA .^ 176 

VERMILLION 176 

VINEGAR 177 

WATER 179 

WHITE  LEAD.  .  .  182 


SPECIFIC  TESTS. 


Test  for  Acetanilid— Phenylacetamid— Antifebrin, 
C6H5'NH(C2H30). 

Acetanlid  is  obtained  by  the  action  of  glacial  acetic 
acid  on  aniline.  It  is  in  white,  shining,  crystalline  scales, 
or  a  crystalline  powder,  odorless,  with  a  greasy  feel,  and 
a  slight  burning  taste.  Soluble  in  200  parts  of  water  at 
15°  C.,  in  18  parts  of  boiling  water;  easily  soluble  in 
alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  and  benzine;  very  little  in 
carbon  disulphid;  melting-point  114°  C.  The  solution  is 
neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  0.10  gm.   (1J  grs.)   Acetanilid  heated  with  1   c.c. 
(16  minims)  of  sodium  hydrate  solution  (Reagent  20)  and 
three  drops  of  chloroform  gives  off  the  offensive  poison- 
ous phenylisocyanid,  CgHsNC  (the  isonitril  reaction);  the 
mixture  becomes  yellowish  red  by  adding  bromin-water 
(Reagent  2). 

(2)  0.10  gm.   (1J  grs.)  Acetanilid  is  soluble  in   1   c.c. 
(16  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21).     The  solution 
remains  colorless  and  clear  after  the  addition  of  3  c.c. 
(48  minims)  of  water,  but  in  an  hour  crystals  of  Acetanilid 
begin  to  form;    sooner,  when  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  Acetanilid 
has  been  taken  for  the  experiment. 

(3)  If  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  Acetanilid  is  heated  to  boiling 
with  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5), 


2  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

an  equal  volume  of  a  saturated  watery  solution  of  phenol, 
and  also  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  a  saturated  watery  solution 
of  chlorinated  lime  is  added,  Ca(OCl)2,  a  turbid  red  or 
violet  fluid  is  obtained,  turning  dark  blue  on  adding 
ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  in  excess  (indophenol  re- 
action). 

(4)  Triturate  0.032  gm.  (J  gr.)  Acetanilid  with  an  equal 
amount  of  sodium  nitrate  or  nitrite,  and  strew  upon  it 
1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);  a  bright- 
red-colored  solution  is  produced. 

(5)  Dissolve  0.032  gm.  (J  gr.)  potassium  dichromate  in 
10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  water,  and  add  to  the  solution 
30  gm.  (1  oz.,  25grs.)  of  concentrated  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent 
21).     Shake  OJO  gm.  (1J  grs.)  of  Acetanilid  with  1  c.c. 
(16  minims)  of  this  solution;  an  intense-red  color,  imme- 
diately turning  blue  and  soon  fading,  is  developed. 

(6)  0.10  gm.   (li  grs.)  Acetanilid  heated  with  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  until  light  brown, 
cooled  off,  and  mixed,  a  little  at  a   time,  with  bromin- 
water  (Reagent  2)  gives  a  very   light-red-colored    fluid. 
Very  soon  an  abundance  of  white,  microscopically  small 
crystal  needles  appear. 

(7)  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  Acetanilid  is  not  changed  by  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15).     By  warming  it 
is  dissolved,  whereby  a  yellowish-red-colored  fluid  is  ob- 
tained;    heating   further   to   the   boiling-point   does   not 
change  the  color.      When  the  test-tube  is  kept  for  hours 
in  the  water-bath,  however,  the  hue  changes  to  a  dark- 
brown  red. 

r  (8)  Boil  a  small  quantity  of  Acetanilid  in  hydrochloric 
acid  (Reagent  5) ;  it  is  decomposed  into  aniline  and  acetic 
acid. 

(9)  Heat  Acetanilid  with  an  equal  amount,  of  dry  zinc 
chlorid  to  250°  C.;  it  yields  aromatic  vapors,  which  color 
wood-shavings  yellow,  and  flavanilin,  a  dyestuff,  which 


TEST  FOR  ACETANILID.  3 

dissolves  in  hydrochloric   acid  with  a  moss-green  color. 
The  residue  is  also  yellow. 

(10)  Boil  0.50  gm.  (8  grs.)  of  Acetanilid  in  8  c.c.  (130 
minims)   of  water.      Let  it  cool,  filter,  and  add  to  the 
nitrate  a  few  drops  of  dilute  nitric  acid  in  which  a  little 
potassium  nitrite  is  dissolved;  then  a  few  drops  of  nitroso- 
nitric  acid,  and  boil  again.     A  distinct  red  color  appears 
(differing  in  this  respect  from  phenacetin,  which  undergoes 
no  change). 

(11)  Dissolve  1  gm.  (15J  grs.)  Acetanilid  in  6  c.c.  (100 
minims)  of  chloroform  and  add  20  c.c.  (325  minims)  of 
petroleum   ether;    a  precipitate  forms   after  standing   a 
short  time  (differing  in  this  respect  from  exalgin). 

(12)  Mix   a  saturated   aqueous   solution  of   Acetanilid 
with  half  its  volume  of  bromin-water  (Reagent  2);    it  is 
colored  red  immediately,  and  in  a  few  minutes  a  crystalline 
preciptate   appears   (differing  in  this   respect  from  phe- 
nacetin). 

(13)  Add  a  small  quantity  of  Acetanilid  to  a  boiling 
solution   of   potassium  permanganate;    it  is  not  altered 
and  does  not  reduce  the  permanganate  (absence  of  acet- 
toluid). 

(14)  Boil  0.10  gm.   (1J  grs.)  Acetanilid  in  1  c.c.   (16 
minims)  of  potassium-hydrate  solution,  1 : 4,  and  suspend 
a  drop  of  filtered  solution  of  chlorinated  lime  on  a  glass 
rod  over  the  hot  solution;  the  drop  is  soon  colored  yellow, 
with  a  violet  tinge  "by  reflected  light;    upon  continued 
heating  it  turns  violet. 

(15)  Add   Acetanilid  to   a  solution  of  potassium  bis- 
muthous  iodid;    a  precipitate  is  thrown  down. 

Solution  of  potassium  bismuthous  iodid  is  made  by  mix- 
ing 43  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.,  211  minims)  liquor  bismuthi,  Br, 
with  9  gm.  (139  grs.)  of  potassium  iodid  and  9  c.c.  (146 
minims)  of  strong  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5). 

(16)  Acetanilid  in  urine  is  found  by  shaking  the  urine 


4  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

with  chloroform,  evaporating,  and  heating  the  residue 
with  mercurous  nitrate;  a  green  color  develops  if  Acetan- 
ilid  is  present. 

(17)  If  0.065  gm.  (1  gr.)  Acetanilid  be  agitated  for  one- 
half  hour  with  200  c.c.  (6  f.  oz.,  366  minims)  of  distilled 
water. at  the  ordinary  temperature,  a  clear  solution  will 
result  (absence  of  phenacetin). 

(18)  On  heating  0.1   gm.    (1J  grs.)  of  Acetanilid  with 
10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  water,  filtering  the  solution  when 
cold,  and  adding  bromine  T.S.,  drop  by  drop,  to  the  fil- 
trate, a  whitish  precipitate  of  parabromacetanilid  is  formed 
(distinction  from  antipyrin  or  acetphenetidin). 

(19)  A  cold,  saturated,  aqueous  solution  of  Acetanilid, 
added  to  ferric  chlorid  T.S:,  should  not  affect  the  color  of 
the  latter  (absence  of  aniline  salts  and  various  allied  sub- 
stances). 

(20)  To  detect  Acetanilid  when  mixed  with  phenacetin, 
boil  0.1  gm.  (1^  grs.)  of  the  substance  to  be  tested,  for  one 
minute,  with  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  concentrated  hydro- 
chloric acid  (Reagent  5),  and  dilute  with  10  c.c.  (162  min- 
ims) of   water;    filter  off  the  precipitate  obtained   (pure 
Acetanilid  gives  little  or  no  precipitate),  and  to  the  filtrate 
add  three  drops  of  a  3  per  cent  solution  of  chromic  acid. 
When  the  test  is  thus  applied,  pure  phenacetin  gives  a  per- 
manent ruby-red  color.     Pure  Acetanilid  gives  first  a  pure 
yellow  color,  quickly  becoming  greenish  yellow,  then  green, 
later  very  dark  green,  and  after  standing  some  time,  a 
green  flocculent  precipitate  separates. 

(21)  If  a  1  per  cent  solution  of  sodium  vanadate  be  sub- 
stituted for  the  chromic  acid  in  (20),  essentially  the  same 
results  are  obtained.     Pure  phenacetin  in  this  case  gives 
a  yellow  color,  quickly  becoming  violet,  then  purple,  chang- 
ing to  very  deep  purplish  red.     This  color  is  not  perma- 
nent, however,  and  after  standing  some  hours  fades  to  a 
very  light  reddish  violet.     Pure  Acetanilid  gives  a  yellow 


TEST  FOR  ACETONE.  5 

coloration  at  first,  almost  instantly  changing  to  greenish 
yellow,  then  a  greenish-blue  fluorescence  appears,  the  green 
gradually  growing  stronger,  until  finally  after  a  few  hours 
a  beautiful  green  precipitate  settles  out,  leaving  the  solu- 
tion colorless. 

(22)  On   boiling  Acetanilid   with   concentrated  hydro- 
chloric acid  (Reagent  5)  a  slightly  greenish  solution  re- 
sults.    On  diluting  with  water  the  solution  gives  no  reac- 
tion with  chromic-acid  mixture,  but  on  the  addition  of  one 
or  two  drops  of  fuming  nitric  acid  a  handsome  green  color, 
changing  to  deep  blue,  develops  within  two  or  three  min- 
utes. 

(23)  Acetanilid  may  be  distinguished  from  phenacetin 
by  boiling  with  aqueous  phenolglycerin  solution,  cooling, 
and  adding  an  excess  ctf  a  filtered  bleaching-powder  solu- 
tion.    Acetanilid  gives  a  brownish  coloration,  changing 
shortly  to  an  indigo-blue,  while  phenacetin  gives  a  floccu- 
lent,  light,  coffee-colored  precipitate. 

Test  for  Acetone,  CHg-CO-CHg. 

Acetone  is  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  certain  ace- 
tates, or  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  citric  acid, 
starch,  sugar,  or  gum,  with  quicklime.  It  is  a  transparent, 
colorless,  mobile,  and  volatile  liquid,  with  a  pleasant 
ethereal  odor  and  a  pungent,  sweetish  taste.  Specific 
gravity  0.790  at  25°  C.  Miscible  with  water  in  all  pro- 
portions, without  cloudiness;  also  miscible  with  alcohol, 
ether,  chloroform,  and  volatile  oils.  It  volatilizes  at  low 
temperatures  and  boils  at  56.5°  C.  It  is  inflammable  and 
burns  with  a  luminous  non-sooty  flame.  It  is  neutral  to 
litmus  paper  previously  moistened  with  water. 

(1)  If  20  c.c.  (324  minims)  of  Acetone  contained  in  a 
clean,  glass-stoppered  vial  be  mixed  with  0.1  c.c.  (2  min- 
ims) of  tenth-normal  potassium  permanganate  T.S.,  the 


6  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

pink  tint  produced  by  the  admixture  should  not  wholly 
disappear  in  less  than  15  minutes  (limit  of  empyreumatic 
substances). 

(2)  To  detect  Acetone  in  urine,  add  to  the  urine  a  few 
drops   of   a  concentrated   solution   of   nitro-prussiate   of 
soda  and  make  the  solution  alkaline  by  adding  potash. 
A  red  coloration  appears  and  then  goes  off;    add  acetic 
acid,  and  if  Acetone  be  present,  we  get  a  dark-violet 
color. 

(3)  A  trace  of  Acetone  may  be  detected  by  the  addi- 
tion of  a  solution  of  iodin  in  potassium  iodid  along  with 
an  alkali,  when  iodoform  is  obtained,  the  odor  and  color 
of  which  are  distinctive. 

(4)  Acidulate  the  aqueous  solution  with  a  few  drops 
of   phosphoric   acid,   and   then   add   small   quantities   of 
copper  sulfate  solution  and  solution  of  iodin  in  potas- 
sium iodid;    if   Acetone   is  present   a  brown   cloudiness 
appears;     on  heating,   the   liquid   is  decolorized   and   a 
grayish-white  pulverulent,  voluminous  precipitate  occurs 
which  contains  iodin  and  copper  in  organic  combination. 
The  precipitate  is  almost  insoluble  in  water.     The  reaction 
is  very  sensitive. 

(5)  Dissolve  0.5  gm.  (7J  grs.)  potassium  iodid  in  50  c.c. 
(1  f .  oz.,  331  minims)  distilled  water,  add  1  gm.  (15J  grs.) 
iodin,  filter,  and  then  add  to  the  filtrate  5  gm.  (77  grs.) 
methylamine.     In  an  alkaline  Acetone  solution  this  rea- 
gent gives  rise  to  the  formation  of  iodoform,  which  imme- 
diately  unites  with   the  nitrogen   of   the   amine,   giving 
rise  to  the  formation  of  an  isonitrile  which  is  easily  recog- 
nized by  its  very  characteristic  odor.     In  applying  the 
test,  the  absence  from  the  urine  of  alcohol,  chloroform, 
and  lactic  acid  rriust  first  be  verified.     The  urine  is  then 
filtered  and   10  c.c.    (162  minims)   rendered  alkaline  by 
the  addition  of   1  c.c.    (16  minims)   of   a  1 : 10  soda-lye 
solution;   1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  the  reagent  is  now  added 


TESTS  FOR  ACETPHENETIDIN,  ACONITIN.  7 

and  the  whole  boiled.     If  Acetone  is  present,  the  highly 
disagreeable  odor  of  isonitrile  develops. 

Test  for  Acetphenetidin,  Ci0H13NO2. 

Acetphenetidin,  a  derivative  of  phenol,  is  in  white, 
glistening,  crystalline  scales,  or  in  a  fine  crystalline  powder, 
odorless,  and  tasteless;  soluble  in  925  parts  of  cold  water; 
in  70  parts  of  boiling  water;  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and 
chloroform.  It  dissolves  in  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
without  color;  but  if  shaken  with  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15) 
it  is  colored  yellow,  which  color  persists  when  heated. 

(1)  If  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  of  Acetphenetidin  be  boiled 
for  one  minute  with  1  c.c.   (16  minims)  of  concentrated 
hydrochloric  acid   (Reagent  5)  and  the  solution  diluted 
with  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  water,  cooled,  and  filtered, 
it  should  yield  on  the  addition  of  three  drops  of  an  aqueous 
solution  of  chromium  trioxid   (1:30)  a  ruby-red  color. 

(2)  If  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  Acetphenetidin  be  boiled  with 
10   c.c.   (162  minims)   of  water,  it  should   yield   a  solu- 
tion which,  when  cooled  and  filtered,  should  not  become 
turbid  upon  the  addition  of  bromin  T.S.  in  slight  excess 
(absence  of  acetanilid). 

(3)  If  0.10  gm.   (1J  grs.)  of  Acetphenetidin  be  boiled 
for  one  minute  with  3  c.c.  (48  minims)  of  sodium  hydrate 
solution  (Reagent  20),  the  solution  cooled  and  agitated 
with  5  c.c.   (81  minims)  of  solution  of  chlorinated  soda, 
there  should  be  produced  a  clear  yellow  liquid,  and  not 
a   purplish-red    or   brownish-red    cloudy    liquid    or   pre- 
cipitate (absence  of  acetanilid). 

Test  for  Aconitin,  C33H45NOi2. 

Aconitin  is  in  a  white,  amorphous,  or  crystalline  powder, 
with  an  intensely  bitter  taste,  followed  by  a  tingling  sen- 
sation and  prolonged  numbness;  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether, 


8  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

chloroform,  acetic  acid,  and  benzene;  sparingly  soluble  in 
cold,  more  freely  in  hot  water;  insoluble  in  carbon  disulfid 
and  glycerin.  A  cold  watery  solution  of  it  has  an  alka- 
line reaction  on  litmus  paper  or  towards  tincture  of 
cochineal  (1:10). 

(1)  Dissolve  0.010  gm.   (J  gr.)  of  Aconitin,  or  one  of 
its  salts,  in  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15), 
evaporate  to  dry  ness,  add  to  the  residue,  when  cool,  a  few 
drops  of   an  alcoholic  solution  of  caustic  potash   (1:5), 
the  odor  of  benzoic  ethyl  ester  is  developed. 

(2)  Dissolve  0.10  gm.    (1J  grs.)   Aconitin  in  250  c.c. 
(8  f.  oz.)  of  water  by  the  aid  of   alcohol  and  a  drop  of 
acid.     Touch  the  tongue  with   a  drop   of  the  solution; 
a  tingling  sensation,  suggesting  a  feeling  of  having  been 
burned,  followed  by  numbness,   is  experienced. 

(3)  To  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  the  above  (2)  solution  add 
a  few  drops   of   a   5   per   cent   solution  of  gold   chlorid 
(AuCl3);    a  voluminous  yellowish  precipitate  is  obtained. 

(4)  To  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  the  (2)  solution  add  0.06  c.c. 
(1  minim)  solution  of  platinic  chlorid;   a  white  precipitate 
is  formed. 

(5)  To  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  the  (2)  solution  add  20  c.c. 
(324  minims)  water  and  a  few  drops  of  mercuric  potassium 
iodid  solution  (Reagent  12);  an  opalescence  only  is  formed. 

(6)  Dissolve  1  gm.  (15£  grs.)  of  iodin  and  2  gm.  (31  grs.) 
of   potassium  iodid  in  125  c.c.   (4  f.  oz.)  of  water   and 
add  a  few  drops  of  the  solution  to  a  small  quantity  of 
the    (2)    solution;     a    voluminous    yellowish-brown    pre- 
cipitate is  obtained. 

(7)  Mix  0.005  gm.  (y1^  gr.)  of  amorphous  Aconitin  with 
0.010  gm.   (J  gr.)  sugar  and  two  drops  of  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent  21);    a  pink,  sometimes  yellowish-red  color  is 
produced. 

(8)  Aconitin,  in  fluid  extract  of  aconite,  is  tested  by 
adding  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  to  5  c.c.  (81  minims) 


TEST  FOR  /ICONITIN.  9 

of  the  fluid  extract  until  alkaline,  then  exhausting  it 
with  ether.  Evaporate  the  ether;  add  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims) 
of  water  to  the  residue;  warm;  filter,  and  add  a  few 
drops  of  the  filtrate  to  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  Reagent  23; 
a  purple  hue  appears,  disappearing  in  a  few  seconds. 

(9)  To  a  small  quantity  of  the  (2)  solution  add  a  few 
drops  of  solution  of  potassium  or  sodium  hydrate;   it  is 
precipitated,   but  no   precipitate    is  formed   by   adding 
potassium    or    sodium    bicarbonate    or   ammonium    car- 
bonate. 

(10)  Dissolve  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  Aconitin  in  dilute  phos- 
phoric acid  and  evaporate  slowly;  when  at  a  certain  degree 
of  concentration  a  violet  coloration  appears. 

(11)  Sprinkle  a  small  quantity  of  Aconitin  on  a  drop  of 
colorless  concentrated  sulfuric  acid    (Reagent  21);    the 
acid  turns  yellowish  and  then  a  dirty  violet  color. 

(12)  Add  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  Aconitin  to  2  c.c.  (32  min- 
ims) of  Reagent  25;  a  yellowish-brown  color  is  produced. 

(13)  Add  0.06  or  0.12  c.c.  (1  or  2  minims)  ferric-chlorid 
solution  (Reagent  4)  to  0.30  c.c.  (5  minims)  of  a  watery 
solution  of  Aconitin;   a  yellow  precipitate  is  formed. 

(14)  Aconitin,   when  dropped   upon   sulfuric   or  nitric 
acid,  should  produce  no  color,  but  if  rubbed  with  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagent  21)  containing  a  crystal  of  ammonium  van- 
adate  an  orange  color  is' produced. 

(15)  On  evaporating  0.01  gm.  (J  gr.)  of  Aconitin  with 
5  drops  of  fuming  nitric  acid,  the  resulting  yellow  residue, 
when  cooled,  should  not  yield  a  violet  color  when  treated 
with  alcoholic  potassium  hydroxide  T.S.  (difference  from 
pseudaconitin  and  atropin). 

(16)  Any  soluble  salt  of  Aconitin  in  dilutions  of  1  in 
1000  produces,  with  a  drop  of  potassium  permanganate 
T.S.,  a  blood-red  precipitate  of  Aconitin  permanganate. 


10  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

Test  for  ^Esculin,  Ci5Hi609  + 3H20. 

jEsculin  is  a  glucoside  obtained  from  the  JEsculus  hip- 
pocastanum,  or  horse-chestnut.  It  crystallizes  in  small 
white  prisms  having  a  bitter  taste  and  acid  reaction.  It 
is  readily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  very  sparingly  sol- 
uble even  in  warm  carbon  disulfid,  and  insoluble  in  warm 
and  in  cold  chloroform.  It  is  highly  fluorescent,  display- 
ing a  fine  blue  hue. 

(1)  Add  to  a  small   particle  of  JSsculin  two  or  three 
drops  of  concentrated  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21);    it  is 
quickly  charred. 

(2)  Boil  a  few  crystals  of  ^Esculin  in  a  test-tube  with 
dilute  hydrochloric  acid;    it  is  decomposed  into  glucose 
and  sesculetin  (dioxycoumarin). 

Test  for  Albumen  in  Urine. 

The  presence  of  Albumen  in  the  urine  is  ascertained  by 
a  very  simple  process,  which,  if  carefully  performed,  leads 
to  positive  results.  The  reaction  of  clear  or  previously  fil- 
tered urine  is  first  tried,  and  a  test-tube  half  full  of  it  is 
then  heated  over  a  spirit-lamp.  If  it  contains  Albumen 
and  has  an  acid  reaction,  the  surface  of  the  urine  becomes 
turbid  when  the  heat  exceeds  70°  C.,  and  coagulation  of 
the  Albumen  quickly  follows.  If  the  urine  be  either  neu- 
tral or  alkaline,  the  coagulation  will  not  take  place,  or 
there  will  be  at  most  only  a  milky  turbidness.  But  if, 
before  heating,  we  add  to  the  urine  a  little  acetic  acid, 
carefully  avoiding  an  excess,  a  flaky  coagulation  will  take 
place  in  the  urine  when  boiled.  If,  again,  the  urine  be 
very  acid,  and  contains,  for  instance,  free  hydrochloric  or 
nitric  acid,  which  may  readily  happen  when  these  acids 
have  been  taken  internally,  boiling  may  fail  to  produce 
coagulation  of  the  Albumen.  To  obtain  the  Albumen  in 


TEST  FOR  ALBUMEN  IN  URINE.  n 

such  case  the  urine  must  be,  first  of  all,  sufficiently  neu- 
tralized with  very  dilute  ammonia.  When  all  these  pre- 
cautions have  been  taken,  if  we  obtain,  on  boiling  the 
urine,  a  turbidity  or  precipitate  which  on  cooling  is  not 
dissolved  by  nitric  acid,  we  may  consider  the  presence  of 
Albumen  in  it  demonstrated. 

Cases,  however,  are  occasionally  met  with  in  which  a 
precipitate  is  formed  on  boiling  the  urine  (particularly  if 
the  urine  is  only  slightly  acid  or  neutral),  but  in  which, 
nevertheless,  no  trace  of  Albumen  is  present.  Such  pre- 
cipitate consists  of  phosphatic  earths,  which  in  slightly 
acid  urine  are  generally  held  in  solution  by  the  free  car- 
bonic acid.  On  the  expulsion  of  the  gas  by  boiling,  the 
phosphates  are  precipitated  in  a  flocculent  form,  and  can 
then  scarcely  be  distinguished  by  the  eye  from  coagulated 
Albumen.  All  doubt  as  to  its  nature  is  immediately  re- 
moved by  the  addition  of  a  few  drops  of  dilute  hydro- 
chloric acid  to  the  urine  (when  cooled)  in  which*he  pre- 
cipitate is  suspended.  If  the  precipitate  consists  of  phos- 
phates it,  will  immediately  disappear  and  leave  the  fluid 
clear,  but  if  of  Albumen  it  will  remain  unchanged. 

(1)  Albumen  is  completely  dissolved  when  exposed  to 
the  action  of  a  solution  of  caustic  potash  or  soda;  the  solu- 
tion has  a  yellowish  color  and  contains  Albumen  in  an 
altered  state.     On  neutralizing  the  alkali  with  an  acid, 
the  dissolved  Albumen  is  thrown  down  and  sulfuretted 
hydrogen  is  evolved. 

(2)  Concentrated    acetic    acid    assisted    by    heat    dis- 
solves Albumen;  and  in  this  solution  potassium  ferrocy- 
anide   (K4Fe(CN)6  +  3H2O)    and    potassium   ferricyanide 
(K6Fe2(CN)i2)  throw  down  peculiar  precipitates. 

(3)  A  violet-colored  fluid  is  produced  when  Albumen 
is  heated  with  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5), 
and  better  still,  with  the  addition  of  a  little  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent  21). 


12  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(4)  Concentrated    nitric    acid    (Reagent    15)    colors    it 
yellow  (xanthoproteic  acid)  when  heated. 

(5)  A  solution  of  1  part  of  mercury  in  2  parts  of  nitric 
acid  (Reagent  15)  containing  four  and  a  half  equivalents  of 
water  (sp.  gr.  1.41)  is  the  most  delicate  test  for  Albumen, 
as  well  as  for  all  protein  bodies  whether  dissolved  or  un- 
dissolved.     An  albuminous  fluid  heated  with  this  solution 
of  mercury  to  from  60°  to  100°  C.  becomes  of  an  intensely 
red  color,  which  does  not  disappear  on  exposure  to  the 
air  or  after  long  boiling. 

(6)  Albumen    becomes    a    brownish    yellow    when    a 
solution  of  iodin  in  hydriodic  acid  is  added  to  it.     This 
reaction  is  especially  well  observed  under  the  microscope. 

(7)  Heated  on  platinum  foil,  Albumen  rapidly  becomes 
brown,  swells  up  and  gives  off  an  odor  like  that  of  burnt 
horn.     The  bulky  carbonaceous  mass  remaining  is  burned 
with  difficulty  and  leaves  a  grayish  ash  consisting  chiefly 
of  lime  and  phosphoric  acid. 

(8)  Urine  containing  Albumen  heated  in  a  test-tube  over 
a  spirit-lamp  becomes  turbid  at  a  temperature  of  about 
75°  to  80°  C.     The  coagulation  commences  at  the  surface 
of    the    fluid    and    then    extends    gradually    downwards 
through  the  tube.     A  white  flocculent  coagulum,  which, 
under  certain  circumstances,  is  more  or  less  colored,  is 
thus  formed,  the  Albumen  passing  into  an  insoluble  form. 
Several  points  are  worthy  of  notice  in  reference  to  this 
simple  test:   When  the  solution  of  Albumen  is  very  much 
diluted,  the  turbidity  will  often  appear  only  at  a  boiling 
heat;   and  to  obtain  a  distinct  coagulum,  it  may  be  neces- 
sary to  boil  it  for  a  long  time  and  then  allow  it  to  stand. 
When  the  urine  has  a'  slightly  acid  reaction,  and  provided 
there  be  no  excess  of  acid  present,  complete  coagulation 
usually  occurs.     But  if  the  solution  be  neutral  or  slightly 
alkaline,  heat  often  occasions  merely  a  slight  turbidity, 
even  though  a  considerable  quantity  of  Albumen  is  present. 


TEST  FOR  ALBUMIN  IN  URINE.  13 

In  such  case  the  Albumen  remains  in  solution  with  the 
alkali.  If,  however,  before  heating  the  urine,  acetic  acid 
is  added  to  neutralize  the  alkali,  the  Albumen  is  completely 
coagulated  and  thrown  down  in  large  flocculi.  Care  should 
be  taken  not  to  add  an  excess  of  the  acid,  because  Albumen 
is  more  or  less  dissolved  by  free  acetic  acid  during  boiling, 
and  also  by  hydrochloric  acid,  the  latter  giving  it  a 
reddish-blue  color. 

(9)  Dilute  nitric  acid  added  to  a  solution  of  Albumen 
throws   down   a  white   precipitate   of   Albumen   nitrate, 
which  is  soluble  in  a  large  quantity  of  water,  an    im- 
portant fact.     Other  mineral  acids  produce  a  like  effect. 

(10)  Strong  alcohol  produces  complete  coagulation  of 
Albumen  in  solution.     Dilute  alcohol  occasions  a  precipi- 
tate, but  does  not  convert  the  Albumen  into  its  insoluble 
form. 

(11)  Most   of,  the   metallic   salts,    and   likewise   alum, 
occasion  differently  constituted  precipitates  in  urine  con- 
taining Albumen. 

(12)  Sugar  and  concentrated  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
become  of  a  beautiful  red  color  with  Albumen  and  all  pro- 
tein bodies. 

(13)  Albumen  treated  with  a  solution  of  copper  sulfate 
and  heated  after  the  addition  of  caustic  soda  or  potash 
imparts  to  the  solution  a  beautiful  violet  color.     This  re- 
action does  not  take  place,  or  at  all  events  is  imperfect, 
if  the  alkali  is  added  before  the  salt  of  copper. 

(14)  A  little  pure  concentrated  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15) 
is  poured  into  a  champagne-glass,  and  the  urine  to  be 
tested  then  allowed,  by  means  of  a  pipette,  to  run  down 
the  side  of  the  glass  and  spread  over  the  surface  of  the 
acid.     When  this  is  carefully  done,  the  urine  floats  on 
the  surface  of  the  acid  and  their  admixture  takes  place 
slowly  and  gradually.     In  most  cases  an  intensely  red, 
violet,  or  blue  ring  (the  reaction  of  uroxanthine)  presents 


14  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

itself  at  the  point  of  contact  of  the  two  fluids.  If  the  urine 
contains  mere  traces  of  Albumen,  this  test  exhibits  at 
the  part  where  the  fluids  come  in  contact  a  circular  turbidity 
well  defined  above  and  below.  This  reaction  lasts  for  some 
length  of  time,  but  the  coagulated  Albumen  at  last  sinks 
to  the  bottom  of  the  glass.  This  is  Heller's  test.  A  quick 
and  handy  method  of  performing  this  test,  useful  when  the 
amount  of  urine  is  small,  or  when  there  are  many  examina- 
tions to  be  made,  as  in  hospitals  or  dispensaries,  is  to 
dip  a  pipette  of  J-in.  caliber  into  the  urine,  taking  up  about 
1  c.c.  (16  minims),  and  then  dipping  the  same  into  nitric 
acid,  relaxing  the  finger  pressure  so  as  to  admit  the  acid. 
A  sharp  white  belt  is  formed  at  the  line  of  contact  if  it 
contains  Albumen. 

(15)  To  five  volumes  of  cold  saturated  solution  of  mag 
nesium  sulfate  add  one  volume  of  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.42) 
and  preserve  this  reagent  for  use.     Pour  some  perfectly 
clear  filtered  urine  into   a  test-tube  and  carefully   add 
an  equal  volume  of  the  reagent,    delivered  gently  from 
a  pipette,  so  that  the  liquids  shall  not  mix.     An  opalescent 
zone  will  form  at  the  point  of  contact  either  immediately 
or  within  twenty  minutes,  according  to  the  quantity  of 
Albumen    present.     This    zone    should    not    dissolve    on 
gently  warming,   but  should  be  a  distinct  ring  at  the 
bottom  of  the  urine,  and  not  a  general  haze  near  the  top, 
which  latter  indicates  mucin.     If  the  zone  of  contact  has 
a  pink  color,  indican  or  other  coloring-matter  is  excessive. 

(16)  Nearly  fill  a  long  test-tube  with  clear  urine  (fil- 
tered if  necessary)  and  add  one  or  two  drops  of  acetic 
acid;    then,  holding  the  test-tube  by  its  lower  end,  boil 
the  upper  portion  of  the  urine;   a  cloudiness  in  the  boiled 
portion,  which,  on  addition  of  a  few  drops  of  acetic  acid, 
does  not  disappear,  indicates  the  presence  of  Albumen. 
The  cloudiness  is  seen  more  distinctly  by  holding  the  test- 
tube  in  front  of  a  black  coat-sleeve. 


TEST  FOR  ALBUMEN  IN  URINE.  15 

(17)  Pour  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  a  saturated  solution 
of  picric   acid  into  a  test-tube  and  add  to   it,  drop  by 
drop,   the   suspected   urine,   previously   acidified   with   a 
drop  of  acetic  acid;    a  cloudiness  is  produced  if  Albumen 
is  present.     If  the  test  is  added  to  the  urine  no  reaction 
takes  place. 

(18)  Acidulate  a  drachm  of  clear  urine  in  a  test-tube 
with  acetic  acid   and   add   potassium-ferrocyanide   solu- 
tion, drop  by  drop,  until  an  excess  has  been  added;   if  a 
cloudiness  or  precipitate  forms,  Albumen  is  to  be  sus- 
pected;   a  mere  trace  requires  some  time  to  form  the 
cloud.    This  is  Bodeker's  test. 

(19)  Add  to  the  urine  in  a  test-tube  a  few  drops  of 
acetic  acid  and  a  small  quantity  of  sodium  chloride  (com- 
mon salt)   and  heat  it;     Albumen,  if  present,  is  com- 
pletely precipitated. 

(20)  Dissolve   3.24  gm.    (50   grs.)    potassium   chloride 
and    1.35   gm.    (21    grs.)    mercuric    chloride   in   20    c.c. 
(324  minims)  of  acetic  acid;   dilute  with  water  to  60  c.c. 
(2  f.  oz.)  and  add   it  to  the  urine;    a  white  precipitate, 
insoluble  in  acetic  acid,  indicates  the  presence  of  Albu- 
men,    Peptones  cause  a  precipitate  which  redissolves  on 
boiling. 

(21)  Mix  equal  volumes  of  carbolic  and  glacial  acetic 
acids  and  add  the  mixture,  a  little  at  a  time,  to  the  urine; 
a  white  precipitate  forms  if  Albumen  is  present. 

(22)  Add  to  the  urine  fifteen  drops  of  alcohol,  followed 
by  fifteen  drops  of  carbolic  acid;    a  precipitate  indicates 
Albumen. 

(23)  Mix  1  part  of  picric  acid,  2  parts  of  citric  acid, 
50  parts  of  water,  and  30  parts  of  alcohol;   dissolve  and 
add  water  to  100  parts.     Add  this,  drop  by  drop,  to  the 
clear  urine;    a  precipitate  indicates  Albumen. 

(24)  Mix  1  part  of  tartaric  acid,  5  parts  of  mercuric 
chloride  (corrosive  sublimate),  10  parts  of  sodium  chloride 


1 6  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(common  salt)  with  100  parts  of  distilled  water,  and 
add  5  parts  of  40%  formaldehyde.  Put  2  c.c.  (32  minims) 
of  this  in  a  test-tube  and  overlay  it  with  3  or  4  c.c.  (48  or 
65  minims)  of  urine;  a  ring  appears  immediately  at  the 
line  of  separation  of  the  liquids  if  Albumen  is  present. 
This  test  is  said  to  be  sensitive  to  1  part  of  Albumen  in 
370,000  parts  of  urine. 

(25)  Heat  4  or  5  c.c.   (65  or  81  minims)  of  non-alka- 
line urine  in  a  test-tube  to  near  the  boiling-point;    then 
stop  heating   and   add  a  few  drops  of  strong  formalde- 
hyde.    If  the  urine  contains  any  Albumen,  it  coagulates, 
the   flocculent  mass  collects  on  the  surface  of  the  urine 
and  adheres  to  the  walls  of  the  tube.     When  the  urine  is 
strongly  albuminous,  the  reaction  is  given  without  heat. 

(26)  Acidulate  the  urine  with  acid  phosphate  of  soda; 
allow  it  to  settle;    filter,  to  remove  mucus  and  urates. 
Then  pour  it  in  a  test-glass  and  mix  with  dilute  carbolic 
acid  (1:20);   a  turbidity,  followed  by  a  flocculent  deposit, 
is  observed  even  when  very  small  quantities  of  Albumen 
are  present. 

(27)  Mix  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  a  10  per   cent   solu- 
tion  of   potassium   sulphocyanate    (KSCN)    with   2    c.c. 
(32  minims)  of  acetic  acid ;   add  a  few  drops  of  this  liquid 
to  the  urine;  a  cloudiness  or  precipitate  indicates  Albumen. 

(28)  Dissolve  1  part  mercuric  chloride  (corrosive  sub- 
limate) in  20  parts  distilled  water,  and  then  1  part  potas- 
sium iodid  in  2  parts  distilled  water;    mix  the  two  solu- 
tions;   dip  strips  of  filtering-paper  into  the  mixture  and 
let  them  dry;    acidulate  the  urine  with  a  few  drops  of 
acetic  acid  and  dip  a  strip  of  the  paper  into  it;   an  imme- 
diate precipitate  indicates  Albumen. 

(29)  Add,  drop  by  drop,  to  5  or  6  c.c.  (81  or  97  minims) 
of  previously  filtered  urine,  a  (1 : 10)  solution  of  chromic 
acid;    the  immediate  appearance  of   a  white  flocculent 
sediment  renders  the  presence  of  Albumen  highly  prob- 


TEST  FOR  ALBUMEN  IN  URINE.  .  17 

able;  and  if  it  remains,  on  heating,  its  presence  is  posi- 
tively demonstrated.  The  chromic-acid  reaction  is  very 
sensitive;  it  permits  the  detection  of  1  part  of  Albumen 
in  50,000  parts  of  urine. 

(30)  Add  to   a  test-tube  containing  water  an  amount 
of  resorcin  equal  to  one-third  of  the  water  in  the  tube; 
when  dissolved,  allow  the  urine  to  flow  gently  down  the 
tube  on  the  solution;    a  ring  is  formed  which  does  not 
disappear  on  heating  if  Albumen  is  present. 

(31)  Half  fill  a  test-tube  with  clear  urine;    add  to  it, 
a  little  at  a  time,  fuming  hydrochloric  acid;    heat  it;    a 
violet  color  is  developed  if  it  contains  Albumen. 

(32)  A  few  drops  of  a  saturated  solution  of  salicyl- 
sulphonic  acid   (C6H3(OH)3-SO3H.COOH)   are  added  to 
20  or  30  minims  of  the  urine  in  a  small  test-tube.     If 
no    precipitate    is    formed,    there    is    no    Albumen    or 
body  present.     If  there  is  a  precipitate,  the  urine  is  boiled, 
and  the  Albumen  becomes  coagulated  and  flaky.    This 
reagent  is  very  sensitive    and    precipitates  only  protein 
bodies. 

(33)  A  solution  of  bichloride  of  mercury  dropped  into 
urine    containing    Albumen   causes    a   white   precipitate. 
Bostock's  test. 

(34)  Tannin  or  tincture  of  galls  gives  a  yellow,  pitchy 
precipitate  in  albuminous  urine. 

(35)  If  a  small  splinter  of  the  glassy  metaphosphoric 
acid  (HPOs)  is  shaken  a  few  moments  with  a  little  water, 
and  the  solution  added  to  the  urine,  the  Albumen  present 
is  at  once  precipitated  in  flakes.     It  is  important  that 
the  solution  of  metaphosphoric  acid  be  prepared  imme- 
diately before  use. 

(36)  Add  to  the  urine  an  equal  amount  of  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  tannin,  1.5  gm.  (23  grs.)  in  100  c.c.  (3  f.  oz., 
183  minims)  of  90  per  cent  alcohol.      The  whole  is  then 
heated  and  an  equal  quantity  of  a  33  per  cent  aqueous 


1 8  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

solution  of  hydrochloric  acid  is  added  equal  to  the  quantity 
of  urine.  In  the  presence  of  Albumen  the  fluid  becomes 
opaque  and  the  Albumen  is  gradually  thrown  down  in  a 
yellowish-white  precipitate.  This  test  will  detect  ,1  part 
of  Albumen  in  200,000  parts  of  urine. 

(37) -50  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.,  331  minims)  of  a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  magnesium  sulf  ate  are  added  to  a  mixture  contain- 
ing 2  gm.  (31  grs.)  of  corrosive  sublimate,  4  gm.  (62  grs.) 
of  succinic  acid,  4  gm.  (62  grs.)  of  common  salt,  and  50 
c.c.  (1  f.  oz.,  331  minims)  of  water.  The  urine  is  first 
acidified  by  adding  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  acetic  acid  to 
5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  urine,  the  liquid  being  then  filtered. 
Then,  by  the  aid  of  a  pipette,  the  filtered  urine  is  slowly 
floated  on  the  surface  of  the  reagent  in  an  inclined  test- 
tube.  If  a  ring  of  Albumen  appears,  then  heat.  The 
Albumen  will  not  disappear. 

Test  for  Aloin,  Ci6Hi8O7. 

AloiiL  is  a  lemon-yellow  or  dark-yellow  crystalline  pow- 
der possessing  a  slight  odor  of  aloes  and  an  intensely 
bitter  taste.  Soluble  in  65  parts  of  cold  water,  freely  in 
hot  water;  in  11  parts  alcohol;  in  acetone;  slightly  solu- 
ble in  ether,  chloroform,  and  benzene;  the  watery  solution 
is  yellow;  turns  brown  on  standing;  is  neutral  to  litmus 
paper. 

(1)  Ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  and  alkali  solutions  dis- 
solve Aloin,  forming  a  yellow  solution  soon  turning  red 
and  exhibiting  a  greenish-red  fluorescence. 

(2)~  Aloin  added  in  minute  quantity  to  concentrated  sul- 
furic  acid  (Reagent  21)  forms  a  yellowish-red  solution 
which,  upon  the  addition  of  a  small  crystal  of  potassium 
dichromate  (K2Cr2O7),  changes  to  an  olive-green,  then  to 
a  dark  green,  and  finally,  on  standing,  to  a  blue.  If  a 
large  amount  of  potassium  dichromate  (K2Cr2O7)  be  used, 


TEST  FOR  ALUM.  *9 

the  yellowish-red  solution  first  turns  purple,  then  brown, 
and  finally  green. 

(3)  Bromin-water   (Reagent  2)   added  to  the  aqueous 
solution  of  Aloin  produces  a  pink  color. 

(4)  Gold  chlorid  T.S.,  when  added  to  an  aqueous  solu- 
tion of  Aloin,   turns  it   carmine-red,   changing  later  to 
violet. 

(5)  A  drop  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  added 
to  an  alcoholic  solution  of  Aloin  produces  a  brownish- 
green  color. 

(6)  If  to  a  dilute  aqueous  solution  of  Aloin  obtained  from 
Curacao  aloes  1  drop  of  copper  sulfate  T.S.  be  added,  a 
bright-yellow  color  will  be  produced;   upon  adding  a  few 
drops   of   concentrated   solution   of  sodium   chloride   the 
liquid  will  acquire  a  red  color;  and  upon  further  addition 
of  a  little  alcohol,  the  color  will  be  changed  to  violet  (dis- 
tinction from  Nataloin  and  Capaloiri). 

Test  for  Alum,  A123SO4,  K2SO4,  24H2O. 

Alum  is  in  large  colorless  octahedral  crystals,  sometimes 
modified  by  cubes,  or  in  crystalline  fragments,  without 
odor,  but  having  a  sweetish  and  strongly  astringent  taste. 
It  is  soluble  in  9  parts  of  water  at  15°  C.,  and  in  0.3  part  of 
boiling  water;  it  is  also  freely  soluble  in  warm  glycerin, 
but  is  insoluble  in  alcohol.  It  has  an  acid  reaction. 

(1)  To  a  solution  of  Alum  add  ammonium  sulphydrate 
(NH4HS);     a   gelatinous    white    precipitate    (aluminium 
hydrate)  falls. 

(2)  To  "solution  of  Alum  add  ammonia :   aluminium  hy- 
drate falls;    add  excess  of  ammonia:    the  precipitate  is 
practically  insoluble. 

(3)  To  the  solution  of  Alum  add  solution  of  potash: 
again   aluminium   hydrate   falls;    add   excess   of   potash 
and  agitate:   the  precipitate  dissolves. 


20  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(4)  Acidify  a  portion  of  the  alkaline  solution  (3)  with 
hydrochloric   acid,   add   ammonia  slightly  in  excess   and 
apply  heat.     A  white  flocculent  precipitate  insoluble  in 
more  ammonium  chloride  indicates  aluminium. 

(5)  The  most  convenient  test  for  Alum  in  bread  is  made 
with  a  freshly  prepared  tincture  of  logwood.     This  tinc- 
ture is  made  by  digesting  5  gm.  (77  grs.)  of  freshly  cut 
logwood  chips  with  100  c.c.  (3  f.  oz)  of  alcohol.     Having 
diluted  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  the  logwood  tincture  with 
90  c.c.  (3  f.  oz.)  of  water  and  added  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of 
saturated  solution  of  ammonium  carbonate,  the  mixture 
is  immediately  poured  over  10  gm.  (154  grs.)  of  bread  in  a 
glass  dish.     After  five  minutes  the  liquid  is  poured  off,  the 
bread  slightly  washed  and  dried  at  100°  C.     A  lavender  or 
dark-blue  color  denotes  the  presence  of  Alum.     Pure  bread 
is  at  first  reddish,  fading  to  a  yellow  or  light  brown. 

(6)  Alum  in  drinking-water  may  be  detected  by  adding 
to  the  suspected  water  enough  fresh  tincture  of  logwood 
(5)  to  give  a  decided  color,  then  a  solution  of  ammonium 
carbonate.     If  a  blue  precipitate  falls,  then  Alum  is  pres- 
ent at  least  1 : 1000 ;  if  no  precipitate,  but  a  blue  color  per- 
sists for  one  hour,  then  Alum  is  present  at  least  1 : 50,000. 
If  before  the  hour  be  out  the  color  be  brown  or  pink,  then 
there  is  no  Alum. 

(7)  To  detect  Alum  in  red  wine  boil  a  sample  of  the  wine 
for  a  few  minutes;    pure  wine  remains  unchanged,  while 
the  adulterated  article  becomes  turbid. 

Test  for  Ammonia,  NH8. 

Ammonia  is  a  colorless  gas;  of  an  exceedingly  pungent 
suffocating  odor;  caustic  taste;  alkaline  reaction;  lighter 
than  air;  very  soluble  in  water,  which  will  absorb  700 
times  its  volume  at  ordinary  temperatures  and  thereby 
acquire  the  properties  of  the  gas  itself;  soluble  in  alcohol, 


TEST  FOR  AMMONIA.  21 

ether,  glycerin,  and  essential  oils;    absorbed  by  charcoal, 
sugar,  sponge,  cloth,  and  all  porous  bodies. 

(1)  Ammonia  is  recognized  by  its  odor;   by  bringing  a 
glass  rod  dipped   into  hydrochloric   acid   near  it,  which 
will  produce  dense,   white  fumes  of  ammonium   chlorid 
(NH4);    or  by  holding  in  the  mouth  of  a  test-tube  con- 
taining it  a  strip  of  moistened  red  litmus  paper,  which 
will  be  immediately  turned  blue  by  the  alkaline  vapor,  in 
which  form  the  ammonia  (NH3)  exists. 

(2)  To  a  solution  of  a  salt  of  ammonium  in  a  test-tube 
add  potassium  or  sodium-hydrate  solution  or  slaked  lime; 
shake  well  or  warm  it;  the  characteristic  odor  of  Ammonia 
is  evolved. 

(3)  To  a  few  drops  of  a  solution  of  an  ammonium  salt 
add  a  few  drops  of  alcohol,  a  drop  or  two  of  hydrochloric 
acid  (Reagent  5),  and  a  like  small  quantity  of  solution  of 
platinic  chlorid;    a  yellow  crystalline  precipitate  of  the 
double  chlorid  of  platinum  and  ammonium  (PtCl4,2NH4Cl) 
will  be  produced. 

(4)  To  a  moderately  strong  solution  of  an  ammonium 
salt  add  a  strong  solution  of  tartaric  acid  and  shake  or 
stir  the  mixture  well;    a  white  granular  precipitate  (acid 
tartrate  of  ammonium)  will  be  formed. 

(5)  Evaporate  a  few  drops  of  a  solution  of  an  ammonium 
salt,  or  place  a  fragment  of  an  ammonium  salt  on  a  piece 
of  porcelain  and  heat  it;   it  is  readily  volatilized. 

(6)  Add    Nessler's    reagent    in    excess    to    a    solution 
supposed  to  be  ammoniacal;  a  brown  precipitate  or  yellow 
color  indicates  the  presence  of  Ammonia.     This  reaction 
is  extremely  delicate,  and  the  estimation  of  Ammonia  in 
drinking-water  is  founded  upon  it. 

Nessler's  reagent  is  made  by  dissolving  30  or  40  gms. 
(463  or  617  grs.)  of  potassium  iodid  in  a  small  quantity 
of  hot  distilled  water,  adding  a  strong  hot  solution  of 
mercuric  chlorid  (corrosive  sublimate)  until  the  pre- 


22  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

cipitate  of  red  mercuric  iodid  ceases  to  redissolve,  even 
by  the  aid  of  rapid  stirring  and  heat,  slightly  diluting, 
filtering,  adding  a  strong  solution  of  120  to  140  gms. 
(3£  to  4  oz.)  caustic  soda,  or  160  to  180  gms.  (5  to  5£  oz.) 
caustic  potash,  and  diluting  to  one  liter  (34  f.  oz.).  A 
few  c.c.  of  strong  solution  of  mercuric  chlorid  (corrosive 
sublimate)  are  finally  stirred  in,  the  whole  set  aside  till 
all  precipitated  red  mercuric  iodid  has  deposited,  then 
decant  the  clear  liquid  for  use. 

(7)  Ammonia  is  usually  present  in  water  as  carbonate, 
but  frequently  in  such  small   quantities  that  it  cannot 
be  detected  by  the  ordinary  tests.     By  mixing  2  to  3  liters 
of  the  water  with  20  drops  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5), 
evaporating  to  dryness,  dissolving  the  residue  in  10  or 
15  c.c.  (162  or  243  minims)  distilled  water,  filtering,  and 
applying   Bohlig*s  test,   which   consists   in   adding,   first, 
5  drops  of  solution  of  mercuric  chlorid   (corrosive  subli- 
mate), 1  part  in  30  parts  of  water,  and  then  5  drops  of  solu- 
tion of  potassium  carbonate,  1  part  in  50  parts  of  water, 
when  a  cloudiness  indicates  the  presence  of  Ammonia. 

(8)  Amidol  (diamidophenol)  gives  a  yellow  color  with 
solution  of  Ammonia  of   an  intensity    superior   to   that 
produced   by  Nessler's    reagent,    the   color    being    easily 
seen  in  solutions  containing  1  part  of  Ammonia  in  1,000,000 
parts  of  water. 

(9)  The  evolution  of  even  slight  traces  of  Ammonia  can 
be  detected  by  the  appearance  of  a  dark-blue  color  on 
strips   of  filter-paper  soaked  in  a  7  per  cent  solution  of 
copper  sulfate  (CuSO4)  and  placed  in  the  open  end  of  the 
condenser  at  the  beginning  of  distillation. 

(10)  To    a   solution  containing  Ammonia  or  its  com- 
pounds  (the  latter  previously  made  alkaline)   add   Ein- 
brodt's    reagent,    consisting    of    a   solution    of    mercuric 
chlorid  (corrosive  sublimate)  to  which  a  minute  quantity 
of  an  alkaline  carbonate  has  been  added;   a  white  precipi- 


OFTH. 
UNIVERSITY 

TEST  FOR  AMYGDALIN.  23 

tate  or  cloudiness  will  be  produced  if  the  merest  trace  of 
Ammonia  is  present. 

(11)  Dissolve  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  of  tannic  acid  in  15  c.c. 
(4  f.  drachms)  of  alcohol,  and  add  a  few  drops  of  the 
solution  to  the  liquid  to  be  tested;  a  yellow  or  light-brown 
color  indicates  Ammonia. 


Test  for  Amygdalin,  C2oH27NOn +3H2O. 

Amygdalin  is  a  white  crystalline  powder  of  a  slightly 
bitter  taste;  soluble  in  12  parts  of  water  and  150  parts  of 
alcohol  at  the  normal  temperature;  easily  soluble  in  boil- 
ing alcohol  and  in  hot  water;  nearly  insoluble  in  ether, 
chloroform,  and  Carbon  disulfid.  A  watery  solution  is 
neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Warm  a  few  grains  of  Amygdalin  in  a  test-tube;  it 
gives  off  water  and  melts  to  a  brown  liquid,  which  solidifies 
to  a  clear,  cracked  mass. 

(2)  Heat  the  above  (1)  mass;    it  chars  and  produces 
brown-colored  vapors  of  an  aromatic  odor  and  acid  reac- 
tion   to    moist    litmus    paper.     Water   shaken   with   the 
charred  Amygdalin  has  also  an  acid  reaction. 

(3)  Dissolve  0.005  gm.  (-^  gr.)  Amygdalin   in  5c.c.  (81 
minims)    of  sulfuric   acid   (Reagent  21);     a    violet,  red- 
colored,  clear  fluid  is  produced. 

(4)  Warm  the  (3)  solution;    it  chars,  and  an  odor  of 
bitter-almond  oil  is  developed. 

(5)  Evaporate  a  few  drops  of  the  (3)  solution  with  a 
few  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5);    it  gives  a 
dark-brown   residue;    with    nitric   acid    (Reagent    15)   it 
leaves  a  colorless  residue. 

(6)  Add  a  small  quantity  of  Amygdalin  to  an  alkaline 
cupric-tartrate  solution  (Fehling's  solution)  and  warm  it; 
cuprous  oxid  is  thrown  down  and  ammonia  developed. 

Prepare  the  alkaline  cupric-tartrate  solution  as  follows: 


24  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

Solution  A. — Crystals  of  pure  copper  sulfate  powdered 
and  pressed  between  filter-paper;  34.64  gm.  (534  grs.)  are 
weighed  and  dissolved  in  water;  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  of 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  added,  and  the  solution  diluted 
to  500  c.c.  (17  f.  oz.). 

Solution  B. — Dissolve  175  gm.  (6  oz.,  76  grs.)  of  Rochelle 
salt  (potassium-sodium  tartrate)  in  350  c.c.  (11  f.  oz.,  400 
minims)  of  water;  filter;  add  to  the  filtrate  a  clear  solu- 
tion of  50  gm.  (1  oz.,  334  grs.)  of  caustic  soda  in  100  c.c. 
(3  f.  oz.,  183  minims)  of  water.  Dilute  the  solution  to  500 
c.c.  (17  f.  oz.).  Preserve  the  solutions  A  and  B  sepa- 
rately and  mix  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  each  for  reaction 
when  needed. 

(7)  Warm  0.10  gm.  (li  grs.)  of  Amygdalin  with  0.50  gm. 
(8  grs.)  manganese  dioxid,  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent  21),   and  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  water;  the  pun- 
gent odor  of  formic  acid  is  developed;    the  fumes  of  the 
odor  have  an  acid  reaction  to  moist  litmus  paper.     The 
mixture  has  an  aromatic  odor  while  cooling. 

(8)  Make  an  emulsion  by  rubbing  two  sweet  almonds 
with  30  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.)   of  water,  and   dissolve  0.050  gm. 
(£  gr.)  of  Amygdalin  in  it;  the  odor  of  bitter-almond  oil 
and  of  hydrocyanic  acid  is  noticed. 

(9)  Take  a  few  lumps  of  granulated  zinc,  pour  water 
with  20  per  cent  of  sulfuric  acid  on  it,  and  when  hydrogen 
develops,  quietly,  dissolve   0.10   gm.  (1^  grs.)  of  Amyg- 
dalin in  the  fluid;    a  strong  aromatic  odor  is  developed, 
due  to  benzaldehyde,  disappearing  when  the  previously 
decanted  fluid  is  warmed  with  a  drop  of  nitric  acid. 

Test  for  Amyl  Nitrite,  C5HnNO2. 

Amyl  Nitrite  is  produced  by  the  action  of  nitric  or 
nitrous  acid  on  amylic  alcohol,  or  by  distilling  together 
potassium  nitrite,  amylic  alcohol,  and  sulfuric  acid.  It  is 


TEST  FOR  AMYL  NITRITE.  25 

a  clear,  yellowish  liquid  of  a  peculiar,  ethereal,  fruity, 
suffocative  odor;  a  pungent  aromatic  taste;  specific 
gravity  0.865  to  0.875  at  25°  C.;  boils  at  about  96°  to  99° 
C.,  yielding  an  orange-colored  vapor,  which  explodes  if 
heated  above  its  boiling-point.  It  is  almost  insoluble  in 
water,  on  which  it  floats;  miscible  in  all  proportions  with 
alcohol  or  ether.  In  alcoholic  solution  it  gradually  de- 
composes, with  formation  of  ethyl  nitrite  and  amylic  alco- 
hol. It  is  very  volatile,  even  at  a  low  temperature,  and 
is  inflammable,  burning  with  a  fawn-colored,  luminous, 
and  sooty  flame.  It  is  neutral  or  slightly  acid  to  litmus 
paper. 

(1)  By  heating  Amyl  Nitrite  with  potassium  hydrate  it 
forms  amylic  alcohol  and  potassium  valerianate. 

(2)  When  Amyl  Nitrite  is  shaken  up  with  a  solution  of 
potassium   iodid,   acidulated   with  diluted   sulfuric   acid, 
iodin  is  liberated  and  nitric  oxid  (NO)  is  evolved. 

(3)  If  1  c.c,  (16  minims)  of  normal  potassium  hydroxid 
T.S.  and  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  water  be  mixed  in  a  test- 
tube  with  a  drop  of  phenolphthalein  T.S.,  then  5  c.c.  (81 
minims)  of  Amyl  Nitrite  be  added,  and  the  tube  inverted 
a  few  times,  the  red  tint  of  the  aqueous  layer  should  still 
be  perceptible  (limit  of  free  acid). 

(4)  A  mixture  of  1.5  c.c.  (25  minims)  of  silver  nitrate 
T.S.  and  1.5  c.c.  (25  minims)  of  alcohol  with  a  few  drops 
of  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  should  not  become  brown 
or  black  if  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  Amyl  Nitrite  be  added 
and  the  mixture  gently  heated  (absence  of  aldehyde). 

(5)  Amyl  Nitrite  should  remain  transparent  or  nearly 
so  when  exposed  to  the  temperature  of  melting  ice  (ab- 
sence of  water), 


26  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

Test  for  Andromedotoxin,  C3iH5iOio. 

Asebotoxin. 

Andromedotoxin  is  a  poisonous  glucoside  obtained 
from  some  plants  belonging  to  the  Heath  family,  as 
Andromeda  japonica,  Andromeda  polifolia,  Rhododendron 
ponticum,  etc.  It  is  in  colorless  needles;  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  and  in  commercial  amyl  alcohol;  very  little  in 
chloroform,  much  less  in  ether,  and  nearly  insoluble  in 
benzene.  The  watery  solution  has  no  effect  on  litmus 
paper.  Pure  Andromedotoxin  gives  off  no  odor  during 
evaporation,  but  if  not  completely  purified,  a  strong  and 
very  characteristic  odor  of  ericinol  is  evolved. 

(1)  Warm  a  solution  of  Andromedotoxin  in  dilute  sul- 
furic  acid  (1:5):  it  turns  dark  red;    evaporate  the  solu- 
tion: it  gives  a  beautiful  rose-red  color. 

(2)  Warm  Andromedotoxin  with  diluted  hydrochloric 
acid:   yellow,  green,  and  violet  colors  are  seen;    evapora- 
tion of  the  solution  gives  a  residue  of  a  violet-red  tint. 

(3)  Warmed  with  diluted  phosphoric  acid  Andromedo- 
toxin   gives   a  red-brown    color,   and   when    evaporated 
with  it  gives  a  mulberry-red  residue. 

(4)  Warm   Andromedotoxin   with   diluted    nitric   acid, 
evaporate  to  dry  ness  and  expose  to  vapors  of  ammonia; 
a  turmeric  yellow  color  is  seen. 

Test  for  Anilin,  C6H5NH2. 

Amidobenzene.     Phenylamine. 

Anilin  was  originally  obtained  from  indigo,  hence  the 
name  from  the  Portuguese  word  anil,  indigo;  but  it  is 
now  largely  manufactured  from  coal-tar  or  nitrobenzene. 
It  is  a  thin,  colorless,  oily  liquid,  turning  yellow  or  brown 
on  exposure  to  the  air;  of  a  peculiar,  vinous  odor,  and 


TEST  FOR  ANILIN.  *7 

sharp,  aromatic  taste;  inflammable;  sparingly  soluble  in 
water;  soluble  in  all  proportions  in  ether,  alcohol,  chloro- 
form, and  the  oils,  fixed  and  volatile;  not  in  all  propor- 
tions in  carbon  disulfid;  neutral  to  red  litmus  paper, 
but  faintly  alkaline  to  violet  dahlia  paper,  turning  it  green. 

(1)  Agitate  strongly  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  Anilin  with 
50  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.,  324  minims)  of  water;   filter.     This  solu- 
tion gives  a  precipitate  in  5  per  cent  solutions  of  ferric 
and  ferrous  salts,  in  5  per  cent  zinc,  and  in  5  per  cent 
alum  salts. 

(2)  A  trace  of  Anilin  stirred  with  a  glass  rod  the  size 
of  a  match  into  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  con- 
taining chromic  acid  (Reagent  22)  colors  the  latter  per- 
manently blue.     A  watery  solution  of  Anilin  gives  the 
same  reaction,  in  course  of  time  in  the  cold,  quicker  by 
warming.     Neither  chloroform,  water,  nor  carbon  disulfid 
dissolves  the  blue  color. 

(3)  Potassium  dichromate  added  in  excess  to  Anilin 
solutions,    acidulated   with   sulfuric    acid    (Reagent   21), 
causes  a  dark-green  precipitate,  turning  black  by  further 
addition  of  the  reagent. 

(4)  Equal    volumes    of    Reagent    11    and    the    watery 
Anilin  solution  yields  a  clear  mixture,  in  which  crystals 
soon  form. 

(5)  A   proper    quantity    of    a   watery    Anilin   solution 
added  to  about  5  c.c.    (81   minims)   of  mercuric-chlorid 
solution,  5%  (Reagent  13),  gives  a  crystalline  precipitate. 

(6)  Three  c.c.  (48  minims)  of  mercuric  potassium  iodid 
solution  (Reagent  12)  and  3  c.c.  (48  minims)  of  the  watery- 
solution  of  Anilin  obtained  under  (1)   cause  no  precip- 
itate at   first;    very   soon,   however,   crystalline   needles 
form  in  the  fluid;    an  amorphous  precipitate  is  produced 
immediately  if  an  excess  of  the  Anilin  solution  is  used, 
which  precipitate  is  soluble  by  adding  still  more  of  the 
reagent. 


28  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

(7)  The  yellow   fluid   obtained   by   adding   0.001   gm. 
(^IT  gr.)  of  potassium  chlorate  to  five  drops  of  sulfurie 
acid  (Reagent  21)  becomes  blue  violet  when  a  few  drops 
of  a  watery  solution  of  Anilin  is  added;    the  color  fades 
slowly  to  red  by  diluting  the  mixture  with  water;   ammo- 
nia-water (Reagent  1)  restores  the  blue  color. 

(8)  Chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  added  to  watery  Anilin 
solutions  gives  violet-colored  fluids. 

(9)  Bromin-water  (Reagent  2)  added  to  watery  Anilin 
solutions  gives  white,  blue,  red,  or  dirty-green  colored  fluids. 

(10)  Moisten   a  glass  rod   with  sodium-hydrate  solu- 
tion  (Reagent  20)   and  hold  this  for  a  few  minutes  in 
the  vapor  of  chlorin  in  the  ohlorin-water  bottle;    a  trace 
of    sodium    hypochlorid    is    thereby    formed.     A   watery 
Anilin  solution  stirred  with  this  rod  becomes  of  a  dirty- 
violet   color;     if   the  glass   rod    moistened  with  sodium- 
hydrate  solution  has  been  exposed  to  bromin  vapor  in- 
stead, the  colors  will  be  red-yellow,  white  when  iodin- 
water  is  taken. 

(11)  A   glass    rod    moistened    with    hydrochloric    acid 
(Reagent  5)  gives  off  white  clouds  when  held  in  a  test- 
tube  containing   a  drop   of   Anilin.     Stirring   the  Anilin 
with  it,  it  forms  a  crystalline  mass  of  Anilin  hydrochlorate; 
when  this  is  spread  out  on  a  mirror  and  a  trace  of  potas- 
sium  chlorate   added,   red,   blue,    and   green   colors   are 
obtained. 

(12)  Anilin  gives  the  isonitril  reaction  described  under 
Acetanilid  (1)  by  taking  Anilin  instead  of  acetanilid. 

(13)  Add    a   solution    of    chlorinated    lime  (bleaching  - 
powder)   to    the  watery   Anilin  solution;    a  deep-blue  or 
violet  color  is  obtained. 

(14)  Acidulate  the  watery  Anilin  solution  with  one  or 
two    drops  of  sulfurie  acid  (Reagent  21)  and  add  it  to 
paper  pulp  made  from  wood  fibre;  an  intensely  yellow 
color  is  obtained. 


TEST  FOR  ANTHRAROBIN.  29 

(15)  Make  the  watery  Anilin  solution  faintly  acid  with 
sulfuric  acid    (Reagent  21),   and  put  one  or  two  drops 
of  it  on  a  piece  of  clean  platinum  foil,  then  touch  it  with 
the   negative   pole   of   a  galvanic   battery;    the  solution 
turns  blue,  then  violet,  and  finally  pink. 

(16)  To  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
add  three  or  four  drops  of  the  watery  Anilin  solution  (1); 
the  mixture  is  first  colored  red  and  then  blue  by  0.065 
gm.  (1  gr.)  of  potassium  dichromate. 


v 

Test  for  Anthrarobin,  C6H4<  >C6H2(OH)2. 


Anthrarobin  is  produced  from  alizarin,  a  constituent 
of  madder.  It  is  a  brownish-gray  amorphous  powder; 
soluble  in  ether,  and  in  alcohol,  with  a  yellowish-brown 
color;  less  soluble  in  chloroform;  insoluble  in  carbon 
disulfid.  Water  dissolves  very  little,  even  at  the  boiling- 
point.  It  has  an  acid  reaction  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Add  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  to  the  clear 
liquid  to  be  tested:    a  dirty  green-brown  color   indicates 
Anthrarobin. 

(2)  Add  lime-water  to   a  solution  of  Anthrarobin;    it 
turns  a  reddish  brown. 

(3)  Drop  some  of  the  clear  solution  of  Anthrarobin  on 
Reagent  21;   it  turns  violet-red. 

(4)  Drop  some  of  the  solution  (3)  on  Reagent  22;    it 
gives  a  brown-red  color. 

(5)  Add  a  few  drops  of  the  watery  solution  of  Anthrarobin 
to  a  little  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15);   it  is  decomposed  and 
turns  red  with  a  dark-brown  mass. 

(6)  Lead-acetate  and  lead  -sub  acetate  solutions  give  in 
the  watery  solution  of  Anthrarobin  brown  precipitates. 

(7)  Reagent  17  added  to  the  watery  solution  gives  a 
strong  dark-brown  turbidity. 


30  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(8)  0.005  gm.  (^2-  gr.)  Anthrarobin,  2  c.c.  (32  minims) 
water,  and  5  drops  of  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  give 
a  greenish-brown  color,  changing  to  blue  and  violet. 

Test    for     Antipyrin — Phenyldimethylpyrazolone — Phe- 
nazone— Analgesin,  C3H(CH3)2N2(C6H5)O. 

Antipyrin  is  a  colorless  crystalline  substance  with  a 
bitter  taste,  freely  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and  chloro- 
form; less  soluble  in  ether;  insoluble  in  petroleum  spirit 
and  in  carbon  disulfid.  Its  watery  solution  is  neutral  to 
litmus  paper,  but  slightly  alkaline  to  methyl  orange. 

(1)  Tannin    (Reagent  24)   causes  a  strong  precipitate 
in  a  1  per  cent  solution  of  Antipyrin. 

(2)  To   10  c.c.    (162  minims)   of  a  watery  solution  of 
Antipyrin  add   a  few  drops  of   a  saturated   solution  of 
picric  acid  (Reagent  16);   yellow  prismatic  crystals  com- 
mence to  form  very  soon  if  it  contains  only  J  per  cent  of 
Antipyrin.     In  a  stronger  solution  the  picric  acid  causes 
an  immediate  precipitate. 

(3)  Add  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  mercuric  potassium  iodid 
solution  (Reagent  12)  to  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  a  2  per 
cent  watery  solution  of  Antipyrin;  this  gives  a  turbidity; 
if  it  contains  5  per  cent  feathery  crystals  will  form  in  the 
course  of  half  a  day. 

(4)  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  a  5  per  cent  mercuric-chlorid 
solution  (Reagent  13)  added  to  4  c.c.  (64  minims)  of  a  2 
per  cent  Antipyrin  solution  gives  an  amorphous  precipi- 
tate, disappearing  on  warming  slightly,  reappearing  when 
the  fluid  cools  off. 

(5)  To  4  c.c.  (64  minims)  of  concentrated  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent  21)  add  an  equal  volume  of  the  watery  solution 
of  Antipyrin  and  warm  it;    the  acid  remains  colorless; 
now  add  a  small  crystal  of  sodium  nitrate  (NaNO3);    a 
permanent  yellow  or  reddish  color  is  produced. 


TEST  FOR  ANTIPYRIN.  31 

(6)  Antipyrin  triturated  with  sugar  turns  yellow  when 
a  few  drops  of  sulfuric  acid  are  added  to  the  mixture  in 
the  mortar. 

(7)  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  dissolve 
0.20  gm.   (3  grs.)  Antipyrin  at  15°  C.  without    coloring; 
the  slightest  heat  colors  the  fluid  yellow,  turning  into  a 
permanent  red;   this  red  solution,  when  spread  out  in  a 
thin  film,  may  be  evaporated  to  dry  ness  without  losing 
its  color. 

(8)  A  solution  of  0.30  gm.  (5  grs.)  Antipyrin  and  0.10 
gm.    (\\  grs.)   sodium   nitrite    (NaNO2)   in    2.5   c.c.    (40 
minims)  of  water  turns  greenish  blue  on  the  addition  of 
10  drops  of  acetic  acid  (1.064  sp.  gr.),'  in  the  course  of  an 
hour   green   crystals   of   nitrosoantipyrin   appear  in   the 
fluid ;   the  crystals  are  bluish  green  by  lamplight. 

(9)  The  same  reaction   (8)   occurs  when  Antipyrin  is 
added  to  sweet  spirit  of  nitre  (ethyl  nitrite)  containing 
free  acid. 

(10)  0.10  gm.   (1|  grs.)  Antipyrin,  0.10  gm.   (1J  grs.) 
sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2),  and  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  mercuric 
chlorid  (HgCl^),  shaken  together  with  4  c.c.  (65  minims) 
water,  turn  green  (nitrosoantipyrin)  in  the  course  of  an 
hour. 

(11)  Add  one  drop  of  a  saturated  watery  solution  of 
Antipyrin  to  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  Reagent  4;   this  pro- 
duces a  flocculent  precipitate  soluble  in  water  or  alcohol 
to  a  blood-red  fluid;   sodium  chlorid  (NaCl)  is  conducive 
to  the  formation  of  the  flocculent  precipitate. 

(12)  A  red  or  yellowish-red  amorphous  precipitate  is 
formed  on  mixing  100  c.c.  (3  f.  oz.)  of  a  saturated  watery 
solution  of  sodium  chlorid  (NaCl)  with  1  c.c.  (16  minims) 
of  a  saturated  watery  solution  of  Antipyrin  and  1  c.c. 
(16  minims)  of  Reagent  4. 

(13)  To  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  a  10  per  cent  watery  solu- 
tion of  Antipyrin,  add  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3);    this. 


32  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

causes  a  turbidity,  immediately  disappearing  and  espe- 
cially noticeable  along  the  sides  of  the  test-tube. 

(14)  Add  two  drops  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  to  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)  of  a  solution  of  Antipyrin;    it  turns  green, 
changing  to  red  by  adding  three  drops  more  and  boiling. 

(15)  Heat   a   little   Antipyrin  with   zinc   chlorid   until 
vapors  are  given  off;   an  odor  like  that  of  methylamine  or 
cacodyl,  and  a  reddish-yellow  residue  with  greenish  fluo- 
rescence by  reflected  light  are  obtained. 

(16)  Antipyrin  shows  two  characteristic  color  reactions; 
with  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  it  is  colored  deep 
red,  which  color  is  changed  by  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
into  bright  yellow;  with  nitrous  acid  (HNO2)  a  green  color, 
and  in  concentrated  solutions  a  separation  of  green  crystals 
of  nitrosoantipyrin.       Both  these  reactions  are  adapted 
for  the  recognition  of  it  in  urine. 

Test  for  Apocodein,  Ci8Hi9NO2. 

Apocodein  is  a  brown,  amorphous  powder;  soluble  in 
ether,  alcohol,  and  chloroform;  insoluble  in  carbon  disulfid 
and  in  cold  water;  slightly  soluble  in  boiling  water;  gives 
an  alkaline  reaction  to  moist  red  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  gives  a  greenish- 
brown  precipitate  in  an  alcoholic  solution  of  Apocodein 
that  is  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  water. 

(2)  Reagent  4  added  to  a  solution  of  Apocodein,  made 
with  boiling  water,  gives  a  brown  fluid,  turning  green. 

(3)  Chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  dissolves  Apocodein  with 
a  yellow  color,  turning  red  after   adding  ammonia-water 
(Reagent  1). 

(4)  The  following  color  reactions  are  made  with  acids: 
red  with  sulfuric  (Reagent  21);   red  with  nitric  (Reagent 
15);    dark  brown  with  sulfuric  containing   chromic  acid 
(Reagent  22). 


TEST  FOR  APOMORPHIN  HYDROCHLORATE.          33 

(5)  Acetic  acid  added  to  a  mixture  of  Apocodein  with 
peroxid  of  manganese  and  water  turns  the  latter  green; 
filter;  agitate  with  chloroform;  the  color  of  the  nitrate 
changes  to  blue,  and  a  brown-colored  top  layer  is  formed. 
Substituting  peroxid  of  lead  for  the  peroxid  of  manganese, 
we  obtain  a  red-brown  filtrate,  which  chloroform  does  not 
change. 

(6)  Triturate  0.020  gm.  (&  gr.)  ammonium  molybdate 
with  five  drops  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  and  add  to  it  a 
very  small  quantity  of  Apocodein;  the  color  is  brownish 
black  at  first  and  changes  slowly  to  blue. 

(7)  Dissolve  0.065  gm.  (1  gr.)  of  potassium  ferricyanid 
in  200  c.c.  (6  f.  oz.,  360  minims)  of  water,  to  which  1  c.c. 
(16  minims)  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  is  added; 
a  few  particles  of  Apocodein  moistened  with  the  mixture 
give  immediately  a  blue  precipitate. 

(8)  Apocodein  gives  a  mirror  with  ~  silver  volumetric 

solution;  the  test  to  be  made  in  the  dark. 

(9)  Dissolve  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  potassium  iodate  (KIO3) 
in  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  water;  add  0.005  gm.  (TV  gr.)  ^of 
Apocodein,  and  finally  5  drops  of  acetic  acid  (1.06  sp.  gr.); 
this  produces  a  yellowish  fluid,  changing  to  green;  agitate 
a  part  with  carbon  disulfid — this  becomes  amethyst-col- 
ored; another  part  with  chloroform — this  colors  blue. 

Test  for  Apomorphin  Hydrochlorate,  Ci7H17NO2-HCl. 

Apomorphin  Hydrochlorate,  as  usually  seen,  is  a  gray 
or  greenish-gray  powder;  it  should  be  in  white,  shining 
crystal  needles.  It  is  odorless;  has  a  slightly  bitter  taste; 
soluble  in  30  parts  water  at  normal  temperature;  in  40 
parts  of  alcohol  (0.83  sp.  gr.);  very  sparingly  in  ether  or 
chloroform.  The  watery  solution  is  neutral  and  colorless, 
but  turns  green  on  exposure  to  air  and  light.  Ether  re- 


34  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

moves  the  alkaloid  from  the  green-colored  watery  solution, 
with  a  purple-red  color;  chloroform  with  a  beautiful  blue 
hue. 

(1)  Reagents  6,  12,  13,  and  14,  also  solutions  of  sodium 
chlorid,  potassium  bromid,  and  potassium  iodid  form  pre- 
cipitates, which  turn  green,  when  added  to  a  watery  solu- 
tion of  Apomorphin  Hydrochlorate. 

(2)  Ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  dissolves  Apomorphin 
Hydrochlorate  with  a  brown  color  which  turns  reddish. 

(3)  Lime-water  dissolves  it  with  a  green  color,  after- 
wards changing  into  red  and  brown;  very  soon  a  greenish- 
brown  sediment  settles  down. 

(4)  Apomorphin  Hydrochlorate  is  soluble  in  iodin-water 
(Reagent  6)  with  a  red  color,  changing  to  green. 

(5)  The   filtrate   of   the   colorless   watery    solution   of 
Apomorphin  Hydrochlorate  turns  green  when  shaken  with 
peroxid  of  manganese;  red  when  peroxid  of  lead  is  taken; 
and  green,  changing  to  a  pink-red  and  brown  color,  when 
peroxid  of  barium  is  taken.     Carbon  disulfid,  ether,  or  ben- 
zene extract  a  constant  purple  or  red  color  from  all  these 
green  fluids;   with  chloroform,  a  splendid  blue  solution  is 
obtained. 

(6)  Dissolve  0.005  gm.  (TV  gr.)  Apomorphin  Hydrochlo- 
rate in  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  acetic  acid;  the  solution  is  color- 
less, but  turns  blood-red  on  shaking  with  a  small  crystal 
of  potassium  iodate  (Reagent  9);    ether  and  chloroform 
extract  an  indigo-blue  color,  and  carbon  disulfid  extracts 
iodin  with  its  usual  amethyst  color. 

(7)  A  blue  fluid  is  obtained  in  the  course  of  an  hour 
by  agitating  0.050  gm.  (f  gr.)  Apomorphin  Hydrochlorate, 
0.050  gm.  (|  gr.)  ferrous  sulfate,  and  10  c.c.  (162  minims) 
of  water;  the  next  day  the  fluid  is  blue-black,  changing  to 
dirty  green. 

(8)  0.001  gm.  (-g^  gr.)  Apomorphin  Hydrochlorate  pro- 
duces a  mirror  from  reduced  silver  in  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims) 


TEST  FOR  ARBUTIN.  3$ 

N 
of  a  —  silver  volumetric  solution  in  the  course  of  half  a 

day;    more  quickly  when  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  is 
added. 

(9)  Dissolve  0.065  gm.  (1  gr.)  potassium  ferricyanid 
in  200  c.c.  (6  f.  oz.,  360  minims)  water;  add  1  c.c.  (16 
minims)  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4);  a  drop  or 
two  of  this  mixture  added  to  a  few  crystals  of  Apomorphin 
Hydrochlorate  on  a  porcelain  lid  of  a  crucible  gives  a  pre- 
cipitate of  Prussian  blue  immediately. 

Test  for  Arbutin,  (Ci2H16O7)2  +  H20. 

Arbutin  crystallizes  in  long  colorless  needles,  united  in 
tufts;  soluble  in  8  parts  of  water  at  normal  temperature; 
in  much  less  at  100°  C.;  soluble  in  16  parts  alcohol  (0.83 
sp.  gr.);  nearly  insoluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  and  carbon 
disulfid.  The  solutions  have  a  bitter  taste  and  a  neutral 
reaction  to  litmus  paper.  It  is  a  glucoside  from  uva  ursi. 

(1)  Arbutin  gives  color  reactions  with  acids:    yellow 
changing  to  red-brown  with  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21); 
yellow  with  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15). 

(2)  A  mixture  of  0.050  gm.  (f  gr.)  Arbutin  and  1  gm. 
(15|  grs.)  peroxid  of  manganese  heated  in  a  glass  tube 
gives  off  acid   vapors  to  moist  blue  litmus  paper,  and 
likewise  an  odor  of  quinon. 

(3)  Dilute  on  a  porcelain  lid  a  drop  of  ferric-chlorid 
solution  (Reagent  4)  with  water  until  the  peculiar  yellow 
color  of  the  reagent  can    hardly  be    noticed,  when  the 
addition  of  Arbutin  produces  a  light-blue  color. 

(4)  When  phosphomolybdic  acid  is  added  to  a  solution 
of   Arbutin   previously   rendered    alkaline   by   ammonia- 
water  (Reagent  1)  or  other  alkali,  a  blue  color  is  produced, 
which  is  deep  when  the  solutions  are  strong,  but  ob- 
servable even  when  they  are  very  dilute.  ^^^ 

d&v* 

•jF^      OF  THE 

[f    UNIVERSIT 


3$  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

Test  for  Aristol  —  Di-iododithymol, 

Aristol  is  a  flesh-colored  or  reddish-brown  amorphous 
powder,  prepared  by  decomposing  a  solution  of  iodin  in 
potassium  iodid  by  an  alcoholic  solution  of  thymol;  it  is 
nearly  odorless  and  tasteless;  insoluble  in  water,  sodium 
hydrate  solution  (Reagent  20),  and  in  glycerin,  even  at 
100°  C.;  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  easily  soluble 
in  chloroform,  carbon  disulfid,  and  olive-oil,  with  a  yellow- 
red  color;  does  not  affect  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Strewn  on  sulfuric  or  nitric  acid,  Aristol  does  not 
seem  to  change.     A  red  solution  is  obtained  when  sodium 
nitrate  (NaNO3)  is  added  to  the  sulfuric  acid,  and  a  blue 
solution  when  sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2)  is  added. 

(2)  Ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  has  no  effect 
on  an  alcoholic  solution  of  Aristol;  when  the  solution  is 
evaporated  to  dryness  on  a  water-bath,  however,  it  leaves 
a  black  residue  that  is  soluble  with  dark-brown  color  in 
chloroform  and  in  carbon  disulfid,  but  insoluble  in  water- 

(3)  Carbon  disulfid  does  not  extract  iodin  from  a  filtrate 
of  Aristol  when  the  latter  has  been  strongly  shaken  with 
cold  water,  not  even  after  the  addition  of  bromin-water 
(Reagent  2);  after  the  water  is  warmed,  shaken  again  with 
Aristol,  and  filtered,  the  result  is  colorless  as  before,  but 
now  carbon  sulfid  and  bromin-water  show  the  presence 
of  iodin  in  the  cold  filtrate. 

(4)  The  presence  of  iodin  can  also  be  proved  by  a  piece 
of  moistened  writing-paper  suspended  in  the  vapor  of  hot 
water  that  is  shaken  with  Aristol. 


Test  for  Arsenic, 

Arsenic  is  a  white,  tasteless,  odorless  powder;  entirely 
volatilized  by  heat;  sparingly  soluble  in  cold  water, 
alcohol,  and  oils;  more  soluble  in  boiling  water  and  gly- 


TEST  FOR  ARSENIC.  37 

i 

cerin;  freely  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  in  solu- 
tions of  alkalies  and  carbonates.  Its  aqueous  solution 
feebly  reddens  blue  litmus  paper.  The  presence  of  or- 
ganic matters  very  much  impairs  the  solvent  power  of 
water  for  Arsenic,  a  circumstance  which  readily  explains 
why  it  has  not,  in  some  cases,  been  found  in  the  liquid 
contents  of  the  stomach  of  persons  poisoned  by  it. 

(1)  Introduce   into   a   reduction- tube   any   solid   com- 
pound of  Arsenic,  including  Paris  green,  the  two  sulfids, 
and  any  arsenite,  and  cover  it  with  six  times  the  quantity 
of  a  well-dried  mixture  of  3  parts  of  sodium  carbonate 
to  1  part  of  potassium  cyanide;  heat  gently.  Some  moisture 
may  first  appear  on  the  tube;  this  can  be  removed  with  a 
spiral  of  filter-paper,  a  swab  of  absorbent  cotton,  or  by 
gently  heating  the  moist  glass.     When  the  tube  is  dry, 
strong  heat  is  applied  to  the  flux  and  then  to  the  com- 
pound of  Arsenic.     The  compound  is  reduced  to  metallic 
Arsenic,  with  an  odor  of  garlic,  and  is  deposited  higher 
up  on  the  tube  as  a  mirror-like  ring,  black,  shading  to 
brown  or  gray.     Charcoal,  or  a  mixture  of  charcoal  and 
potassium  carbonate,  may  be  substituted  for  the  sodium 
carbonate  and  potassium  cyanide. 

(2)  Hold  the  flame  under  the  mirror-like  ring  (1);    it 
disappears  and  forms  a  deposit  of  white  octahedral  crys- 
tals on  a  cooler  part  of  the  tube  highly  characteristic 
of  Arsenic. 

(3)  Boil  the  octahedral  crystals  (2)  in  a  little  water; 
add  to  it  a  few  drops  of  ammonio-nitrate  of  silver  solu- 
tion;    a    canary-yellow,    precipitate    of    silver    arsenite 
(AgaAsOa)    is    deposited    which    dissolves    in    ammonia- 
water  (Reagent  1)  and  in  nitric   acid  (Reagent  15),  but 
not  in  sodium  hydrate  solution   (Reagent  20).     This  is 
Hume's  test. 

Ammonio-nitrate  of  silver  solution  is  prepared  by  freshly 
diluting   ammonia-water  and  adding  to  it  a  strong  solu- 


3  SPECIFIC 

tion  of  silver  nitrate  until  the  precipitate  of  silver  oxide 
formed  ceases  to  dissolve. 

(4)  Put  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  ammonia- water  (Reagent  1) 
in  a  test-tube   and  dilute  it  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims) 
water.     To  this  dilute  ammonia-water  add  a  weak  solu- 
tion   of   copper   sulfate   until    the   bluish- white   precipi- 
tate ceases  to  dissolve.     The  clear  blue  solution  added 
to  a  solution  of  arsenic  trioxid  will  throw  down  a  bright- 
green  precipitate  of  cupric  arsenite  (CuHAsO3),  Scheele's 
green. 

(5)  A  freshly    made  solution   of   stannous   chlorid    is 
added  to  the  suspected  material  dissolved  in  strong  hydro- 
chloric acid  (Reagent  5).     Having  immersed  a  small  piece 
of  pure  tin-foil,   the  mixture  is  heated;    if  Arsenic   be 
present,   a  brown  color  or  a  gray-brown  precipitate  of 
the  metal  is  formed.     This  is  Bettendorff's  test. 

(6)  Arsenic  sprinkled  on  red-hot  charcoal  burns  with 
a  blue  flame  and  garlic  odor. 

(7)  Generate   hydrogen    sulfid    in  the   usual  way  by 
acting  on  iron  sulfid  with  diluted  sulfuric  acid.     Filter 
the  liquid  to  be  tested,  and  acidulate  it  with  hydrochloris 
acid    (Reagent  5);     then   pass   the  hydrogen-sulfid  gas 
through  it;    after  the  gas  has  passed  through  the  liquid 
for  a  few  minutes,  yellow  arsenious  sulfid  (As2Sa)  is  pre- 
cipitated if  it  contains  Arsenic.     The  separation  of  the 
precipitate  is  promoted  by  boiling  and  exposure  of  the 
liquid  for  a  few  hours  to  the  air;  the  precipitate  is  soluble 
in    ammonium    sulfid,    but    insoluble  in    strong    boiling 
hydrochloric  aci'd;   dried  and  heated  in  a  small  test-tube 
with  a  mixture  of  sodium  carbonate  and  potassium  cya- 
nide, it  yields  a  mirror  of  metallic  Arsenic. 

(8)  In  a  test-tube  containing  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  the 
suspected  solution,  either  acid  or  neutral,  put  about  1  gm. 
(15£  grs.)  of  chemically  pure  zinc  and  5  c.c.  (81  minims) 
of  a  6  per  cent  dilution  of   sulfuric  acid.     In  the  upper 


TEST  FOR  ARSENIC.  39 

part  of  the  test-tube  insert  a  plug  of  absorbent  cotton 
moistened  with  lead-acetate  solution,  and  clasp  over  the 
mouth  of  the  test-tube  a  cap  made  of  three  layers  of 
filter-paper.  Having  wet  only  the  upper  layer  with  a 
drop  of  saturated  solution  of  silver  nitrate,  set  aside  in 
a  dark  box  for  a  time.  Arsenic  will  cause  on  the  paper 
a  bright-yellow  spot,  which  darkens,  by  separation  of 
metallic  silver,  when  water  is  applied  to  it.  This  is 
Gutzeit's  test. 

(9)  A  piece  of  bright  copper-foil  should  be  put  into 
pure  water    containing    one-sixth    part    of    hydrochloric 
acid   (Reagent  5),  and  then  heat    applied  so  as  to  boil 
for  five  minutes.     The  copper  remaining  bright,  the  hydro- 
chloric acid  may  be  assumed  to  be  pure.     Every  detail 
of  this  test  and  others  must  be  paralleled  by  blank  experi- 
ments before   the  analyst  can  be  sure.      Having  added 
one-sixth  volume  of  hydrochloric  acid  to  the  solution  to 
be  tested,  the  pure  copper-foil  is  put  into  it  and  the  whole 
boiled  for  a  few  minutes.      If  Arsenic   be  present,  it  is 
deposited  as  a  dark  film,  purple  to  steel-gray  in  color. 
Reinsch's  test. 

(10)  Generate   hydrogen   in   the   usual   manner,   from 
water  by  zinc,  or  magnesium,  and  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
with  one  or  two  drops  of  platinic-chlorid  solution;   allow 
the  gas  to  escape  through  a  small  tube;    when  all  the 
air  has  been  expelled   (which  should  be  determined  by 
collecting  a  small  test-tube  full  and  holding  its  mouth 
to  a  flame;    if  the  gas  burns  quietly  without  explosion 
it  is  pure),  lgnite  the  escaping  gas  and  hold  a  piece  of 
earthenware  in  the  flame;   if  no  brown  spot  is  deposited 
on  the  earthenware ,  pour  eight  or  ten  drops  of  the  sus- 
pected  liquid  into   the  funnel-tube,   washing  the  liquid 
into  the  generating-bottle  with  a  little  water;   if  organic 
matter  should  cause  much  frothing,  a  small  quantity  of 
alcohol  may  be  introduced  by  the  funnel -tube.     Imme- 


4o  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

diately  hold  the  earthenware  again  in  the  flame;  if  a  brown 
spot  is  deposited,  add  to  it  a  drop  of  solution  of  chloride 
of  lime  (bleaching-powder) ;  it  quickly  dissolves  if  it  is 
Arsenic.  This  is  Marsh's  test. 

(11)  Into  a  large  test-tube  place  a  piece  of  pure  zinc 
weighing  about  1  to  1.25  gm.  (15£  to  19  grs.);   add  about 
10  c.c.   (162  minims)  of  strong  solution  of  caustic  soda 
or  potash;   cover  the  mouth  of  the  test-tube  with  filter- 
paper  moistened  with  a  drop  of  solution  of  silver  nitrate 
and  set  it  aside  for  two  hours  in  a  dark  place.     Now,  if 
the  solution  of  silver  nitrate  has  not  darkened,  add  a  few 
drops  of  the  liquid  to  be  tested,  and  again  set  it  aside 
in  the  dark;   a    black  or  brown  spot  reveals  the  presence 
of    Arsenic.     Aluminium    or    magnesium    may    be    used 
instead  of  the  zinc.     This  is  Fleitmann's  test. 

(12)  Arsenic   added  to    distilled  water  in  a'  test-tube 
and  boiled  dissolves  very   slowly;    part   of   it   floats  on 
the  surface  of  the  water  or  aggregates  in  small  lumps  at 
the  bottom. 

(13)  To  identify  the  presence  of  Arsenic  in  wall-paper 
dissolve  the  coloring-matter  off  in  a  little  ammonia-water, 
pour  off  this  solution  on  a  piece  t  of  glass   and  drop  into 
the  liquid  a  crystal  of  silver  nitrate;    a  yellow  coloration 
around  the  crystal  indicates  the  presence  of  Arsenic. 

(14)  If  organic  substances  (as  the  stomach,  liver,  spleen, 
food,  etc.)  are  to  be  examined  for  the  poison,  cut  them 
into  small  fragments,  bruise  these  in  a  mortar,  and  boil 
with  distilled  water  acidulated  with  about  one-tenth  of 
pure  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5),  adding  from  time  to 
time  small  portions  of  potassium  chlorate  until  the  solids 
are  all  dissolved  or  broken  down  into  fine  flakes  or  grains, 
and  continue  a  gentle  hea,t  until  the  odor  of  chlorin  dis- 
appears.    Then  make  a  dialyzer  by  folding  a  circular  sheet 
of  parchment-paper  like  a  plain  filter,  stand  it  in  a  bo\v\ 
on  its  point,  supported  by  a  frame,  and  pour  half  of  the 


TEST  FOR  ARSENIC.  41 

solution  into  it;  then  pour  enough  distilled  water  into  the 
bowl,  outside  of  the  dialyzer,  to  be  on  a  level  with  the 
solution,  and  set  aside  for  forty-eight  hours.  Then  care- 
fully evaporate  the  dialyzate  to  one-fourth  its  volume  and 
test  it  with  some  of  the  reagents  above  described.  Strain 
the  other  half  of  the  solution  through  muslin,  heat  to  the 
boiling-point,  and  subject  it  to  Reinsch's  test.  Nitric  acid 
(Reagent  15),  assisted  by  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  is 
sometimes  used  to  destroy  the  organic  matter  and  oxidize 
the  Arsenic  into  arsenic  acid.  In  such  a  case  the  arsenic  acid 
can  be  readily  extracted  by  boiling  water,  and  the  solution 
filtered,  evaporated  to  dry  ness,  and  tested  with  some  of 
the  above  reagents. 

(15)  Half  fill  a  test-tube  with  the  liquid  to  be  tested, 
add  a  few  drops  of  liquor  calcis  (lime-water) ;  a  white  pre- 
cipitate (arsenite  of  lime),  soluble  in  acids,  indicates  the 
presence  of  Arsenic. 

(16)  Dissolve  25  gm.  (386  grs.)  of  stannous  chlorid  in 
a  mixture  of  100  c.c.  (3  f.  oz.,  183  minims)  of  ether  and 
20  c.c.  (324  minims)  of  hydrochloric  acid,  and  decant  the 
clear  solution;   add  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  this  to  an  equal 
volume  of  the  liquid  to  be  tested,  and  heat  for  one  minute 
at  40°  C.;   a  brownish-red  ring  at  the  point  of  contact  of 
the  two  liquids  indicates  Arsenic. 

(17)  To  detect  Arsenic  in  glycerin  dissolve  20  gm.  (308 
grs.)  of  sodium  hypophosphite  in  20  c.c.  (324  minims)  of 
water,  add  200  c.c.  (6  f.  oz.)  of  concentrated  hydrochloric 
acid  (sp.  gr.  1.17),  filter  through  cotton,  and  mix  10  c.c. 
(162  minims)  of  this  reagent  with  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  the 
glycerin  to  be  tested.     On  now  heating  the  mixture  on  a 
water-bath,  a  flocculent  brown  precipitate  or  dark-brown 
color  develops  if  but  0.0001  gm.  (g^gr.)  of  arsenious  acid 
is  present. 


42  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

Test  for  Atropin,  C^H 

Atropin  crystallizes  in  white  prismatic  needles,  grad- 
ually becoming  yellowish  on  exposure  to  the  air;  odorless; 
having  a  bitter,  acrid  taste;  soluble  in  450  parts  of  cold 
water  and  60  parts  of  boiling  water;  very  soluble  in 
alcohol,  chloroform,  ether,  and  glycerin;  very  little  in 
carbon  disulfid;  placed  on  red  litmus  paper,  moistened 
with  alcohol,  it  has  hardly  an  alkaline  reaction,  none  at 
all  on  phenolphthalein  paper;  it  is  distinctly  alkaline 
to  both  reagents,  however,  when  touched  with  a  drop  of 
water. 

(1)  Mercuric  oxid  (HgO)  is  thrown  down  when  0.001 
gm.  (-fa  gr.)  Atropin  is  dissolved  in  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  alco- 
hol (0.83  sp.  gr.)  and  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  mercuric-chlorid 
solution  (Reagent  13)  is  added,  the  whole  being  warmed 
on  a  watch-glass;   when  the  Atropin  is  added  afterwards, 
however,  no  such  reaction  takes  place. 

(2)  Reagents  12  and  14  produce  precipitates  in  a  watery 
solution  of   Atropin,  amorphous  at  first,  but  very  soon 
taking  on  crystalline  form.     These  forms  are  character- 
istic. 

(3)  Tannin  (Reagent  24)  produces,  in  watery  solutions 
of  Atropin,  a  white  curdy  precipitate  that  is  soluble  in 
excess  of  the  reagent,  in  acetic  acid,  and  in  ammonia- 
water  (Reagent  1),  but  not  in  excess  of  the  Atropin  solu- 
tion. 

(4)  Picric  acid  (Reagent  16)  causes  a  precipitate  only 
in  Atropin  solutions  made  with  boiling  water. 

(5)  A  solution  of  iodin  in  potassium  iodid  (Reagent  7) 
gives  a  precipitate  in  an  acidulated  watery  solution  of 
Atropin. 

(6)  By  boiling  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  Atropin  with  3  c.c. 
(48  minims)  water  and  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  calomel,  the  lat- 
ter turns  black;    filter  boiling -hot,  and  supersaturate  the; 


TEST  FOR.  BERBERIN.  43 

alkaline  fluid  decanted  from  the  crystals  that  form  by 
cooling  with -nitric  acid  (Reagent  15);  add  silver  nitrate 
solution,  5  per  cent;  this  gives  a  voluminous  precipitate. 

(7)  Heat  0.001  gm.  (-fa  gr.)  Atropin  in  a  small  test-tube 
until  white  vapors  arise;    add  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagent  21);  heat  a  little  longer,  until  the  acid  com- 
mences to  color;    add,  along  the  sides  of  the  test-tube, 
and  at  a  safe  distance  from  the  operator,  2  c.c.  (32  minims) 
water,  drop  by  drop;   note  the  odor,  suggestive  of  flowers. 
Repeat  this  reaction,  but  drop  a  small  crystal  of  potassium 
permanganate  (KMnO^  into  the  acid  solution  before  the 
water  is  added;  in  this  case  an  odor  of  bitter  almonds  will 
be  noticed.     A  trace  of  potassium  dichromate  (K2Cr2O7) 
produces  yet  another  odor.     An  aromatic  odor  is  also  ob- 
tained from  the  decomposition  products  of  Atropin  and 
hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  or  phosphoric  acid  (H^PO.*) 
and  even  after  boiling  it  repeatedly  with  water,  evaporat- 
ing, and  redissolving  the  residue  in  hot  water. 

(8)  Dissolve  0.001  gm.   (-£%  gr.)  Atropin  in  a  drop  of 
nitric  acid  (Reagent  15);   evaporate  to  dryness;   prepare 
an  alcoholic  solution  of  potassium  hydrate  (KOH)  (1  gm. 
(15|  grs.)  :  5  c.c.  (81  minims));    a  drop  of  this  solution 
added  along  the  side  of  the  porcelain  dish  or  lid  produces  a 
violet  color  when  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  residue; 
this  test  does  not  succeed  in  the  presence  of  strychnin. 

(9)  Dissolve  0.010  gm.  (J   gr.)  Atropin  in  very  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid;   warm  this  and  add  a  5  per  cent  gold- 
chlorid  solution;    set  aside  to  cool;   Atropin  gold  chlorid 
solidifies  to  a  granular,  mass. 

Test  for  Berberin,  (C2oHi7NO4)2  +  9H2O. 

Berberin  is  the  active  principle  of  Barberry;  it  is  in  small 
bright-yellow  or  red-yellow  (orange-colored)  needles;  solu 
ble  in  water,  1 : 300  parts,  with  a  canary -ye  ow  or  orange 


44  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

color,  and  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  or 
carbon  disulfid.  These  solutions  do  not  affect  litmus 
paper. 

(1)  Neither    ammonia-water    (Reagent    1),    lime-water 
(Reagent  10),  borax,  or  potash  solutions  have  an  effect 
upon  paper  colored  yellow  and  dried  with  a  solution  of 
Berberin;    turmeric    paper   turns   red-brown   when    thus 
treated.     Berberin  solutions  give  a  permanent  yellow  color 
to  paper  when  absorbed  ancl  dried. 

(2)  Crystals  of  Berberin  nitrate  begin  to  form  on  adding 
1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  to  3  c.c. 
(48  minims)  of  a  watery  solution  of  Berberin;    the  color 
remains  unaltered;    becomes   dark  red  by  mixing  equal 
volumes  of  Berberin  solution  with  nitric   acid,   but  no 
crystals  are  formed. 

(3)  Crystals    of    Berberin    hydrochlorate    or    Berberin 
sulfate  are  formed  when  hydrochloric  or  .sulfuric  acid  is 
added  to  a  watery  or  alcoholic  Berberin  solution. 

(4)  Berberin   and  its   salts  give   an   olive-green  color 
reaction  when  warmed  with  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21). 

(5)  A   fragment  of   sodium   nitrate,    or    of   potassium 
dichromate  (the  first  salt  to  be  preferred,  as  it  is  colorless) , 
added  to   a  cold  solution  of  Berberin  in  sulfuric   acid 
(Reagent  21)  causes  violet  streaks  to  flow  in  the    acid 
when  the  mixture  is  stirred  with  a  small  glass  rod. 

(6)  Bromin-water  (Reagent  2)  and  chlorin-water  (Rea- 
gent 3)  give  a  purple  zone  when  added  to  a  watery  solution 
of  Berberin  mixed  with  an  equal  volume  of  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent  21) 

(7)  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  of   ammonium  molybdate  tritu- 
rated  with  5  drops  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  gives  a 
green   color   reaction,   changing   immediately   to   brown- 
green  with  Berberin. 

(8)  lodin- water  (Reagent  6)  gives  a  greenish-red  fluores- 
cent precipitate  in  a  solution  containing  Berberin. 


TEST  FOR  BETOL.  45 

(9)  One     drop      of      yellow     ammonium      polysulfid 
((NH4)2S(NH4)HS)  gives  a  flocculent  red-brown  precip- 
itate in  5  c.c.   (81  minims)   of  a  solution    of   1:1000  of 
Berberin. 

(10)  10  c.c.   (162  minims)   of  a  solution  of  0.010  gm. 
(J  gr.)  Berberin  in  water  are  discolored   in  a  few  hours 
when  slightly  warmed  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  diluted 
sulfuric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.1)  and  5  gm.  (77  grs.)  granulated 
zinc    (zinc-dust    is   preferable)   until    hydrogen    develops 
quietly  and  steadily;   nitric  acid  restores  a  color  reaction 
of  red  or  yellow-red  in  this  fluid. 


Test  for  Betol,  CioH7O.CO-C6H4-OH. 

Naphthalol:  Naphthosalol:  fi-Naphthylsalicylate. 

Betol,  a  derivative  of  salicylic  acid,  occurs  in  white 
shining  crystals;  tasteless;  having  a  faint,  agreeable, 
aromatic  odor  slightly  suggestive  of  salol;  soluble  in 
ether,  chloroform,  and  carbon  disulfid;  in  alcohol  only 
when  warm;  also  in  fatty  oils;  in  water  with  difficulty 
even  at  100°  C.;  does  not  act  upon  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Betol  thrown  upon  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  colors 
the  latter  yellow,  subsequently  changing  slowly  to  brown. 

(2)  Betol  gives  no  color  reaction  with  nitric  acid  (Rea- 
gent   15)  in   the  cold;    at  the  boiling-point  a  flocculent 
sediment  or  red  drops  are  formed. 

(3)  A  mixture  of  2  c.c.   (32  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent  21),  0.20  gm.   (3  grs.)  of  Betol,  and  0.10  gm. 
(1£  grs.)  of  chloral  hydrate  has  a  brown-red  color. 

(4)  By  adding  sodium  nitrate  to  the  sulfuric -acid  test 
(1) ,  Betol  produces  a  greenish-brown  coloring ;  substituting 
sodium  nitrite  for  the  nitrate,  the  color  is  a  more  reddish 
brown;    but  by  substituting  nitric  acid  the  sulfuric  acid 
remains  yellow. 


46  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(5)  Betol  added  to  Reagent  22  produces  only  a  yellow 
color  when  warmed  upon  the  water-bath. 

(6)  Betol     is     insoluble    in    sodium-hydrate    solution 
(Reagent  20)  even  at  the  boiling-point. 

(7)  Betol  warmed  with  a  little  slacked  lime  and  water 
gives  a  blue  fluorescent  filtrate;   this  remains  clear  when 
slightly  acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid   (Reagent  5); 
one   drop   of  ferric-chlorid   solution   (Reagent  4)   added 
to  it  produces  a  violet   color.     One   drop    ferric-chlorid 
solution    (Reagent    4)  gives    the    same    color    to  5  c.c. 
(81  minims)  of  water  that  has  been  boiled  for  some  time 
with  a  few  crystals  of  Betol;    replacing  the  water  that 
evaporates,  the   same  reagent   colors  an  alcoholic  solu- 
tion of   Betol    brown,   however.     Betol   triturated   with 
Reagent  4  gives  'no  coloring  at  all,  not  even  by  warm- 
ing the  mixture.   • 

(8)  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  Betol  gives  a  blue  color  reaction 
with  2  c.c.  of  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21)  heated   nearly 
to  the  boiling-point;   a  yellow-green  clear  fluid  is  obtained 
by  adding  water  to  the  same. 

(9)  Ammonia-water    (Reagent    1)   does    not    give   the 
fluorescent  reaction  described  under   (7)  when    agitated 
with   Betol,   but   it   becomes   yellow  by    warming.     An 
unctuous    dark-brown    sediment    is    obtained    when    the 
Betol  is  filtered   off  and   the  ammoniacal  filtrate  evap- 
orated to  about  one-third;    crystals  of  salicylic  acid  form 
in  the  cooling  fluid. 

Test  for  Bile  in  Urine. 

Urine  containing  Bile-pigment  is  always  tinged  of  a 
deep-brown,  reddish-yellow,  greenish-brown,  or  dark-  or 
grass-green  color.  Much  froth  is  formed  in  it  when 
shaken,  and  it  imparts  a  yellow  or  greenish  color  to  a 
slip  of  filtering-paper  when  dipped  into  it, 


TEST  FOR  BILE  IN  URINE.  47 

(1)  Concentrated    nitric   acid   slightly   decomposed   by 
exposure  to  the  li^ht  is  poured  to  about   an   inch  high 
into  a  conical-shaped  test-glass  and  a  little  of  the  urine 
to  be  tested  carefully  spread  over  its  surface  by  means 
of  a  pipette,  pouring  it  on  the  border  of  the  glass.     If 
cholepyrrhine   is  present  the  play   of   colors  commences, 
at  the  line  where  the  fluids  come  in  contact,  with  a  beau- 
tiful green  ring,  which  gradually  extends  upwards,  and 
at  its  under  surface  exhibits  a  blue,  violet-red,  and,  lastly, 
a    yellow   ring.     It    should,   however,   be   observed   that 
the  whole  of  these  colors  do  not  invariably  appear;   violet 
and  green  generally  last  the  longest,  but  the  green,  which 
appears  almost  at  the  commencement  of  the  action,  is 
alone   demonstrative    of    the    presence    of    Bile-pigment. 
The  presence  of  albumen  in  no  way  interferes  with  this 
test;    a  portion  of  the  pigment  is  generally  precipitated 
with  the  albumen,  which  is  coagulated  by  the  nitric  acid, 
but  it  also  beautifully  shows  the  reaction.     The  nitric  acid 
must  not  contain  too  much  nitrous  acid,  for  if  it  does  the 
reaction  is  violent  and  the  play  of  colors  rapidly  passes 
away.     Gmelin's  test. 

(2)  The  slightest  traces  of  Bile-pigment  may  be  dis- 
covered by  shaking  large  quantities  of  urine  successively 
with   chloroform  and  pouring  off  the   exhaustive   urine. 
The   smallest  quantity   of   cholepyrrhine  present   in  the 
urine  is  taken  up  by  the  chloroform,  which,  when  left 
at  rest,  by  reason  of  its  high  specific  gravity,  rapidly 
sinks  to  the  bottom,  of  a  yellowish  color.     The  superna- 
tant urine  is  drawn  off  and  a  little  nitric  acid  containing 
nitrous  acid  spread  over  the  chloroform  solution.     If  the 
slightest    trace    of    cholepyrrhine   be   present,    the   reac- 
tion will  then  take  place  (from  above  downwards),  and 
in  a  very  brilliant  form.     The  reaction  with  nitric  acid 
in  the   chloroform   solution   is   excessively  delicate   and 
beautiful. 


48  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(3)  Gradually  mix  the  urine  with  half  its  bulk  of  strong 
sulfuric  acid    (Reagent  21)   in  a  test-tube,  rise  of  tem- 
perature  being   prevented   by   dipping   the   test-tube   in 
water.     A   small   quantity   of   powdered   white   sugar   is 
then   introduced    and   well   mixed   with   the   acid   urine, 
and   more   sulfuric   acid    (Reagent   21)   then   poured   in; 
as  the  temperature  rises,  a  reddish  or  violet  coloration 
is  produced.     This  is  Pettenkofer's  test. 

(4)  Put  into  a  test-tube  a  mixture  of  30   minims  of 
nitric  acid   (Reagent   15)  with  30  minims  of  the  urine; 
pour  into  the  test-tube  30  minims  of  strong  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent    21);    the   presence  of  Bile-pigments  is  shown 
by  the  appearance  of  a  grass-green  ring  at  the  plane  of 
contact  of  the  fluids.     This  is  Fleicht's  test. 

(5)  Evaporate  500  c.c.   (17  f.  oz.)  of  the  urine  nearly 
to  dryness  in  a  water-bath;  extract  the  residue  with  alcohol, 
evaporate  the  alcohol,  and  dissolve  the  residue  in  a  little 
water;  treat  the  solution  with  lead  acetate;  collect  the 
precipitate    after   standing   twelve   hours;   wash   it,    and 
dry    it   between   folds   of   filter-paper;   extract   the   Bile 
salt  of  lead  with  boiling  alcohol;  add  sodium  carbonate, 
and  evaporate  to  dryness;  treat  the  residue  with  alcohol; 
add  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21)   to  the  soda  solution,  it 
becomes   brownish   red,    then   light  blue   or   violet,    and 
when  heated   with   a   little   sugar,   reddish   or  yellowish 
brown.     Add  two  or  three  drops  of  sugar  solution  (1  part 
sugar  to  4  parts  water)   to  the  soda  solution,  which  is 
concentrated  as  much  as  possible,  and  then  pure  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagent  21)  free  from  sulfurous  acid.     If  any  Bile- 
acid  is  present,  the  fluid  will  first  become  muddy,  then 
clear,  and  at  the  same  time  yellow,   soon  afterwards  of  a 
paie  cherry,  dark  carmine-red,  and  lastly  of  a  beautiful 
purple-violet  color. 

The  reaction  becomes  much  more  sensitive  when  the 
soda  solution  is  evaporated  to  a  few  drops  in  a  porcelain 


TEST  FOR  BLOOD  IN  URINE.  49 

cup,  a  few  drops  of  pure  diluted  sulfuric  acid  (1  part 
H2SO4  to  4  parts  H2O)  and  a  trace  of  sugar  solution 
added  to  it,  and  the  mixture  then  carefully  evaporated 
at  a  very  gentle  heat  over  a  small  lamp.  We  cannot  be 
certain  that  Bile-acid  is  present  unless  the  fluid  assumes 
a  distinct  purple-violet,  as  well  as  a  red  color.  This  is 
Neakomm's  test. 

Test  for  Blood  in  Urine. 

Blood  imparts  to  the  urine  the  reaction  of  albumen  and 
a  red,  brown,  or  smoky  color. 

(1)  Add  to  the  urine  one-third  its  volume  of  sodium-  or 
potassium-hydrate  solution  and  boil  it;    the  precipitated 
phosphates  carry  the  Blood  coloring-matter  with  them  to 
the  bottom  in  the  form  of  red  clouds.     This  is  Heller's 
test. 

(2)  Prepare  a  tincture  of  guaiacum  from  the  inner  un- 
oxidized  portions  of  guaiacum  resin  and  an  ethereal  solu- 
tion of  hydrogen  peroxide.     Add  to  one  or  two  drachms  of 
the  urine  in  a  test-tube  nearly  as  much  as  the  ethereal 
solution  and  then  two  or  three  drops  of  the  tincture  of 
guaiacum;    a  bluish-green  layer  appears  at  the  junction 
of  the  fluids  if  Blood  is  present. 

(3)  Acidulate  the  urine  strongly  with  acetic  acid  and 
shake  with  an  equal  volume  of  ether.     Should  an  emulsion 
form,  the  separation  of  the  ether  may  be  facilitated  by 
cooling  in  ice-water,  or  by  adding  a  few  drops  of  alcohol. 
The  ethereal  extract  is  transferred  to  a  test-tube  in  which 
a  few  drops  of  water  have  been  dropped,  and  then  15  to 
30  drops  of  old  turpentine-oil  or  5  to  10  drops  of  fresh 
hydrogen  dioxide  added,  the  whole  lightly  shaken,  then 
10  to  20  drops   of   an   alcoholic  2  per  cent  solution  of 
barbaloin   added,    and   the   mixture   thoroughly   shaken. 
The  aqueous  layer  acquires  a  distinct  red  color  in  from 
one  to  three  minutes  if  traces  of  Blood  are  present. 


5°  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

Test  for  Bromoform,  CHBr3. 

Bromoform  is  produced  by  the  action  of  bromin  upon 
alcohol  in  the  presence  of  an  alkali  ;  milk  of  lime  is  saturated 
with  bromin,  alcohol  added,  and  the  mixture  distilled. 
It  is  a  clear,  colorless  liquid,  of  a  sweet  taste,  a  pleasant 
smell  like  that  of  chloroform,  and  coloring  brown  on  con- 
tact with  air  and  light.  Specific  gravity  2.834  at  0°  C., 
2.775  at  15°  C.,  which  is  higher  than  in  any  other  organic 
compound.  Slightly  volatile  at  ordinary  temperatures; 
boils  at  152°  C.;  melting-point  —8°  C.,  and  solidifies  at 
—9°  C.  to  a  crystalline  mass.  Very  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  but  soluble  in  all  proportions  in  alcohol,  ether,  ben- 
zene, petroleum  benzin,  glycerin,  and  in  the  fixed  and 
volatile  oils.  It  is  not  inflammable,  but  when  vaporized 
by  the  application  of  heat,  its  vapor  may  be  burned. 

(1)  If  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  Bromoform  be  well  shaken 
with  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  distilled  water  and  the 
liquids,  upon  standing,  be  allowed  to  separate  completely, 
the  water  removed  from  the  layer  of  Bromoform  should  be 
neutral  to  blue  litmus  paper  (absence  of  free  acid),  and  a 
portion  should  not  produce  a  turbidity  when  treated  with 
silver  nitrate  T.S.  (absence  of  bromides  and  brominated 
compounds),  and  another  portion  treated  with  potassium 
iodid  T.S.  should  not  be  tinted  blue  upon  the  addition  of 
starch  T.S.  (absence  of  free  bromin). 


Test  for  Brucin,  C23H26N2O4  +  4H2O. 

Brucin,  an  alkaloid  obtained  from  nux  vomica,  crys- 
tallizes in  colorless  needles;  odorless;  intensely  bitter; 
readily  soluble  in  alcohol  and  chloroform,  less  so  in  ether, 
slightly  in  ammonia;  soluble  in  150  parts  of  boiling  water, 
insoluble  in  fixed  caustic  alkalies;  has  an  alkaline  reaction 
to  red  litmus  paper. 


TEST  FOR  BRUCIN.  51 

(1)  Reagent  17  does  not  give  a  precipitate  in  a  watery 
solution  of  Brucin;    Reagent  6  only   a  slight  turbidity; 
Reagents  12,  16,  and  24  give  slight  precipitates. 

(2)  Brucin  imparts  to  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3),  when 
agitated  with  it,  a  red  color;  this  color  is  not  permanent. 

(3)  A  purple  color,  soon  fading,  forms  if  one  drop  of 
Reagent  22  is  spread  out  as  a  thin  film  and  one  drop  01" 
Brucin   solution   dropped    on   it;     reappears   with    more 
Brucin  solution. 

(4)  Brucin  dissolves  in  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  with  a 
blood-red   color,   permanent  for  days   if   the   alkaloid  is 
present  in  large  excess ;  the  red  color  fades  to  yellow  when 
the  solution  is  warmed  for  ten  minutes. 

(5)  Evaporate  solution  (4)  to  dryness;    add  a  trace  of 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  and  a  drop  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent 
15)  to  the  residue;   then  add  freshly  prepared  stannous- 
chlorid  solution;   the  yellow  color  changes  to  violet. 

(6)  If  0.001  gm.  (•gJj-  gr.)  potassium  dichromate  is  added 
to  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  glacial  acetic  acid,  0.001  gm.  (fa  gr.) 
Brucin  further   added,    and   sulfuric   acid    (Reagent   21) 
dropped  into  the  mixture,  a  color  reaction  similar  to  the 
nitric-acid  reaction  is  obtained. 

(7)  Brucin  is  decomposed  by  mercurous  nitrate  (Millon's 
reagent).     Spread  one  drop  of  the  reagent  out  to  a  thin 
film  on  a  warm  porcelain  lid,  add  0.002  gm.  (-fa  gr.)  Brucin 
and  5  drops  of  water;    black  mercurous  oxid  (Hg2O)  is 
thereby  formed;   the  Brucin  is  also  colored  black.     Along 
the  edges  the  mixture  becomes  of  a  dirty-violet  or  reddish- 
yellow  color  if  slowly  rotated. 

Millon's  reagent  is  prepared  by  adding  mercury  in  excess 
to  nitric  acid  of  1.2  sp.  gr.  and  warming  after  the  action 
has  ceased. 

(8)  If    0.005    gm.     (^  gr.)    of     sodium     thiosulfate 
(Na2S2O3-5H2O)  is  added  to  about  10  c.c.  (162  minims) 
of  the  yellow  solution  of  Brucin  in  diluted  nitric  acid, 


52  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

there  is  obtained  a  brown-colored  mixture,  changing  to  a 
beautiful  red  and  violet. 


Test  for  Caffein, 

Trim  ethylxaniliin. 

Caffein,  the  active  principle  of  coffee,  is  in  fleecy  masses 
of  long  white  flexible  needles  with  a  silky  lustre;  is 
odorless;  has  a  bitter  taste;  very  soluble  in  boiling  alco- 
hol and  boiling  water,  less  so  in  chloroform,  cold  alcohol, 
and  cold  water;  sparingly  in  ether  and  in  carbon  disulfid; 
neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  A  few  cubic  centimeters  of  tannin  solution  (Reagent 
24)  gives  an  abundant  precipitate  in  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of 
Caffein  solution;  soluble  in  excess  of  the  reagent.     A  mix- 
ture of  one  drop  of  Caffein  solution  and  40  drops  of  tannin 
solution  (Reagent  24)  is  clear. 

(2)  A  few  drops  of  a  Caffein  solution  added  to  Reagent 
22  becomes  green  after  many  hours. 

(3)  To  an  almost  invisible  residue  of  an  evaporation  of 
a  pure  Caffein  solution  (identity  reaction  for  a  fl.  extr.  of 
kola-nuts,  guarana,  coffee,  or  tea)  add  a  few  drops  hydro- 
chloric acid  (Reagent  5)  and  a  minute  crystal  of  potassium 
chlorate;    evaporate  to  dryness;    cool;    expose  to  vapors 
of  ammonia,  when  a  purple  color  will  be  produced. 

(4)  To  a  similar  residue  as  under  (3)  add  a  little  bromin- 
water  (Reagent  2);  evaporate  to  dryness;  then  add  am- 
monia-water   (Reagent    1);    a   purple   color  will   be   ob- 
tained. 

(5)  To  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  acetic  acid  (1.064  sp.  gr.)  add 
0.001  gm.  (-fa  gr.)  Caffein  and  0.001  gm.  (-fa  gr.)  potassium 
bromate  (KBrO3);   heat  to  the  boiling-point;   it  remains 
colorless.     Evaporated  to  dryness,  the  mixture  leaves  a 
dark-red   crystalline  residue;    heated   carefully   over  the 
flame,  the  color  becomes  more  intensely  red. 


TESTS  FOR   CANTHARIDIN,   CARBOLIC  ACID.  53 

Test  for  Cantharidin,  C10H12O4. 

Cantharidin  is  a  white  substance,  in  the  form  of  crystal- 
line scales,  of  a  shining,  micaceous  appearance;  inodorous; 
tasteless;  almost  insoluble  in  water  and  cold  alcohol; 
easily  soluble  in  chloroform,  acetone,  formic  acid,  sulfuric 
acid,  acetic  acid,  the  oils,  hot  alcohol,  and  ether,  which 
also  dissolves  it  more  freely  hot  than  cold;  has  an  acid 
reaction  to  very  sensitive  litmus  paper;  is  volatile  at  100°  C. 

(1)  The  most  important  reaction  of  Cantharidin  is  its 
vesicating  power.     Dissolve  0.001  gm.  (g*¥  gr.)  Canthari- 
din in  alcohol,  or  in  an  oil,  and  apply  the  solution  with  a 
camel's-hair  brush  to  the  soft  part  of  the  upper  arm  or 
behind  the  ear;  it  blisters. 

(2)  Cantharidin  slowly  changes  Reagent  22  to  a  green- 
colored  fluid. 

(3)  Barium-water  gives   a  crystalline  precipitate  in  a 
watery  boiling  solution  of  Cantharidin,  soluble  in  acetic 
acid. 

(4)  Subacetate  of  lead  gives  a  slight  turbidity  in  a  boil- 
ing watery  solution  of  Cantharidin. 

Test  for  Carbolic  Acid— Phenol,  C6H5(OH). 

Carbolic  Acid,  a  constituent  of  coal-tar,  is  a  white  or 
colorless  crystalline  mass  composed  of  long  needles;  when 
exposed  to  the  light  and  air  it  turns  pink  or  brown  and 
liquefies;  has  a  sweetish,  aromatic,  smoky  odor,  recalling 
that  of  creosote;  a  sweet  burning  taste  and  caustic  action 
on  the  skin;  coagulates  albumen  and  dissolves  gelatin; 
is  soluble  in  water  1:14,  with  a  slightly  acid  reaction; 
easily  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  benzene,  gly- 
cerin, carbon  disulfid,  acetic  acid,  caustic  alkalies,  fixed 
and  volatile  oils;  is  inflammable,  burning  with  a  reddish 
flame;  melted  Carbolic  Acid  makes  filter-paper  trans- 


54  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

parent;    it   evaporates,  however,   entirely  when  slightly 
warmed. 

(1)  A  green  fluid  is  obtained  when  1  c.c.  (16  minims) 
ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  is  added  to  a  solution 
of  20  parts  of  Carbolic  Acid  in  10  parts  of  alcohol  of  94  per 
cent;     this  solution  remains  clear  after  the  addition  of 
water,  and   colors  permanent  violet  if  the  dilution  does 
not  exceed  2000  parts  of  water  to  1  part  of  Carbolic  Acid. 
Ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  also  gives  the  same  vio- 
let color  reaction  in  a  very  dilute  (1 : 3000)  watery  solution. 

(2)  A  freshly  prepared  solution  of  potassium  ferricyanid 
(Reagent  18)  gives  a  blue  precipitate  in  the  violet  watery 
fluid   obtained   above;    the   Carbolic   Acid    has    reduced 
the  ferric  salt  to  a  ferrous  compound. 

(3)  Lead-acetate  solution,  10  per  cent,  gives  a  volumi- 
nous amorphous  precipitate  in  a  saturated  watery  solu- 
tion of  Carbolic  Acid. 

(4)  Carbolic   Acid  dissolves  colorless   in   sulfuric   acid 
(Reagent  21)  in  the  cold;   a  red  color  is  developed  when 

the  solution  is  warmed. 

(5)  Carbolic  Acid  dissolves  in  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15) 
with  a  brown-red  color. 

(6)  A   permanent  blue   or  bluish-green  color  reaction 
takes  place  when  bromin-vapors  fall  upon  a  mixture  of 
5   c.c.   (81  minims)  of  ammonia-water  (Reagent   1)  and 
50  c.c.  (If  f.  oz.)  of  a  watery  solution  of  Carbolic  Acid; 
this  blue  color  is  insoluble  in  ether  and  in  chloroform; 
chloroform   becomes   red-tinged   when  agitated  with  the 
mixture;    the  blue  solution  is  soluble  in  alcohol  with  a 
green  color;    a  red  residue  is  obtained,  changing  to  blue, 
by  addition  of  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  when  this  al- 
coholic solution  is  evaporated  to  dry  ness;    acids  change 
the  blue  color  to  red,  in  which  condition  it  is  soluble  in 
ether;    ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  causes  the  blue  color 
to  appear  again. 


TEST  FOR  CARP  AM.  55 

(7)  A  pine  splinter  soaked  in  a  watery  solution  of  Car- 
bolic  Acid   and   dipped   into   diluted   hydrochloric   acid 
becomes  of  a  deep-blue  color  when  exposed  for  a  few 
moments  to  the  sun's  rays;    the  color  firmly  resists  the 
action  of  chlorin;    under  its  influence  the  blue  takes  a 
lighter  shade,  but  soon  regains  its  depth,  when  the  splinter 
is  redipped  in  the  diluted  hydrochloric  acid. 

(8)  Carbolic   Acid   with   ammonia-water    (Reagent    1) 
and  chlorinated  lime  (CaOCb),  or  solution  of  chlorinated 
soda    (NaOCb),   produce   a   blue   liquid,   turned   red   by 
acids. 

(9)  Solutions  of  Carbolic  Acid  turn  red  when  boiled 
with  Millon's  reagent    (see  Brucin   (7));    if  the   change 
does  not  occur,  it  may  require  the  addition  of  a  few  drops 
of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15). 

(10)  To  detect  Carbolic  Acid  in  salicylic  acid  boil  10  grs. 
of  the  substance  to  be  tested  in  half  an  ounce  of  water, 
cool,  decant  the  solution,  and  add  to  it   1  minim  of  a 
saturated  solution  of   potassium   bicarbonate    (KHCO3), 
1  minim  of  anilin,  and  5  drops  of  solution  of  chlorinated 
lime  (CaOCb),  when,  if  Carbolic  Acid  be  present,  a  deep- 
blue  color  is  produced. 

(11)  Bromin-water    (Reagent   2)    added   in   excess    to 
a  weak  solution  of  Carbolic  Acid  produces  a  flocculent, 
white  precipitate.     This  precipitate  is  so  insoluble  that 
it  separates  even  in  the  most  dilute  solutions  and  affords 
an  extremely  delicate  test. 

Test  for  Carpain,  Ci4H25NO2. 

Carpain,  an  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  Papaw,  is  in 
large  colorless  crystals;  very  bitter;  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  very  soluble  in  chloroform,  alcohol,  and  benzene, 
much  less  in  ether  and  in  ligroin;  is  alkaline  to  red  lit- 
mus paper. 


56  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

(1)  Bromin-water  (Reagent  2)  gives  a  strong  turbidity 
in  a  cold  watery  solution  of  Carpain. 

(2)  lodin  in  potassium  iodid  (Reagent  7)  gives  a  heavy 
precipitate  with  Carpain. 

(3)  A  small  particle  of  a  crystal  of  Carpain  dissolved 
in  Reagent  22  gives  at  first  a  dirty,  not  very  well-defined 
color   reaction,    which   develops   slowly   into    a   delicate, 
clear,  bluish  grass-green  color,  permanent  for  more  than 
an  hour. 

(4)  A  small  particle  of  Carpain  dissolved  in  Reagent  23 
gives  a  delicate  lilac  color,  lasting  for  more  than  an  hour, 
and  fading  entirely  to  a  colorless  fluid. 

(5)  A  solution   of   Carpain  in   carbon  disulfid   slowly 
colors  yellow. 


Test  for  Chloral  Hydrate,  CC13CH(OH)2. 

Chloral  Hydrate  is  in  white  transparent  crystals;  has 
a  pungent  but  agreeably  aromatic  odor;  a  bitter,  astrin- 
gent, slightly  caustic  taste;  is  easily  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  ether,  volatile  and  fatty  oils,  liquid  Hydrocar- 
bons, chloroform,  carbon  disulfid,  oil  of  turpentine,  etc.— 
in  fact  there  seems  to  be  no  fluid  in  which  Chloral  Hydrate 
is  not  soluble.  Its  aqueous  solution  is  neutral  to  litmus 
paper.  Exposed  to  the  air  it  slowly  volatilizes,  and, 
like  camphor,  when  enclosed  in  a  bottle,  covers  the  in- 
terior surface  with  numerous  minute  crystallizations. 

(1)  Camphor,  phenol,  thymol,  and  menthol  all  liquefy 
when  triturated  with  Chloral  Hydrate  in  equal  parts. 

(2)  Crystals  of  Chloral  Hydrate  sink  in  sulfuric  acid, 
but  soon  rise  to  the  surface,  however,  and  liquefy,  decom- 
posing into  a  turbid,  colorless  top  layer  of  metachloral 
and  chloral. 

(3)  Litmus  gives  an  acid  reaction,   and  silver-nitrate 
solution,  5  per  cent,  a  voluminous  precipitate,  in  water 


TEST  FOR   CHRYSAROBIN.  57 


boiled  with  a  small  lump  of  zinc  and  a  trace  of  Chloral 
Hydrate.  Silver-nitrate  solution  produces  only  a  slight 
turbidity  in  freshly  prepared  watery  or  alcoholic  solu- 
tions of  Chloral  Hydrate. 

(4)  A  solution  of  0.020  gm.    (J  gr.)  Chloral  Hydrate, 
0.030  gm.   (|  gr.)  resorcin,  and   five   drops   caustic  -soda 
solution  (Reagent  20)  has  an   intense-red  color,  changing 
to  brown-red;   this  solution  has  a  yellowish-green  fluores- 
cence when  diluted  with  100  c.c.  (3J  f.  oz.)  water;   acids 
destroy  the  fluorescence.     When  0.0.10  gm.  (J  gr.)  resorcin 
is  taken  instead,  the  color  is  merely  pink  and  fades  slowly 
to  greenish  yellow.     By  substituting  lime-water  for  the 
caustic  -soda  solution,  the  fluid  is  lilac  at  first,  but  finally 
turns  to  a  yellowish  green. 

(5)  If  equal  parts  Chloral  Hydrate,  resorcin,  and  slacked 
lime  are  triturated  together,  a  white  powder  is  obtained 
that  soon  becomes  red   (intensely  red  when  moistened) 
and   finally  turns  brown.     When  thymol   is  substituted 
for  resorcin  a  beautiful  violet  powder  is  obtained. 

(6)  If  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  Chloral  Hydrate  be  dissolved  in 
1  c.c.  (16  minims)  sodium-hydrate  solution  (Reagent  20) 
a  turbid  fluid  is  obtained,  soon  giving  off  the  odor  of 
chloroform,  the  latter  falling  to  the  bottom  in  small  drops. 

(7)  Mixed  with  a  5  per  cent  solution  of  carbolic  acid, 
and  an  equal  bulk  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  added, 
Chloral  Hydrate  gives  a  pink  color. 

Test  for  Chrysarobin,  C3oH26O7. 

Chrysarobin,  a  principle  obtained  from  Goa  powder,  is 
a  pale  orange-yellow  powder;  tasteless  and  odorless; 
slightly  soluble  in  cold  .water,  ether,  or  alcohol;  more 
soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  in  solutions  of  the  alkalies,  in 
chloroform,  benzene,  and  glacial  acetic  acid;  the  watery 
solution  is  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 


58  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(1)  Caustic-soda   solution    (Reagent   20)    changes   the 
yellow  color  of  the  opalescent  nitrate  of  Chrysarobin,  when 
this  has  been  boiled  with  water,  to  red ;  this  watery  solution 
is  neutral. 

(2)  Ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  produces  in  the 
alcoholic    solution   of   Chrysarobin   a   dirty   green-brown 
color. 

(3)  Caustic  potash  and  soda  dissolve  Chrysarobin  with 
a  red  color,  which  gives  a  green  fluorescent  fluid  when 
diluted  with  water  or  alcohol. 

(4)  0.010  gm.   (J  gr.)  Chrysarobin  shaken  with  50  c.c. 
(1|  f.  oz.)  lime-water  gives  to  the  latter  a  violet-red  color. 

(5)  Chrysarobin  shaken  with  ammonia-water  (Reagent 
1)   produces   a  brown-red   color;    warming   deepens   the 
color. 

(6)  Sulfuric   acid    (Reagent  21)   immediately  dissolves 
Chrysarobin  with  a  yellow-red  color;   nitric  acid  (Reagent 
15)  slowly,  with  a  faint  yellow  color. 

(7)  Triturate  0.005  gm.  (TV  gr.)  Chrysarobin  and  0.005 
gm.  (TL  gr.)   sodium  nitrate   (NaNO3)  with  a  glass  rod 
barely  moistened  by  means  of  a  damp  cloth  or  paper,  so 
that  the  mixture  of  Chrysarobin  and  sodium  nitrate  will 
remain   nearly   dry.     Spread    the   mixture   as   thinly    as 
possible  on  a  porcelain  lid  with  a  glass  rod  to  which  only 
a  trace  of  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21)   clings.     Strew  on 
this  layer  a  few  small  particles  of  solid  caustic  potash 
or  soda;    a  black  or  dark-violet  zone  forms  around  each, 
as  moisture  is  attracted  from  the  atmosphere,  until  soon 
the  particles  of  potash  or  soda  are  so  many  black  drops. 
The  layer  becomes  violet  when  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1) 
is   substituted  for  the  fixed   alkalies.     This  is  the  most 
characteristic  reaction  of  Chrysarobin. 


TEST  FOR   CINCHONIDIN  SULFATE.  59 


Test  for  Cinchonidin  Sulfate,  (CioE 

Cinchonidin  Sulfate  is  in  white,  silky,  acicular  crystals; 
odorless;  having  a  very  bitter  taste;  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol;  less  so  in  chloroform;  almost  insoluble  in 
ether;  neutral  or  faintly  alkaline  to  litmus  paper.  Heated 
in  a  glass  tube,  Cinchonidin  Sulfate  yields  a  beautiful  red- 
colored  tar.  This  test  can  be  made  use  of  to  distinguish 
Peruvian  from  any  other  bark;  only  cinchona  alkaloids 
give  this  reaction. 

(1)  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  a  5  per  cent  potassium -iodid 
solution  gives  a  dense  turbidity  in  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  a 
watery  solution  of  Cinchonidin  Sulfate. 

(2)  Dissolve  0.50  gm.  (8  grs.)  of  Cinchonidin  Sulfate  in 
15  c.c.   (243  minims)  of  alcohol  (83  sp.  gr.)  diluted  with 
5  c.c.   (81  minims)  of  water  and  acidulated  with  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)   of  10  per  cent  sulfuric  acid;    add  to  this 
solution  a  solution  of  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  iodin  in  10  c.c. 
(162  minims)  of  alcohol  (83  sp.  gr.);   warm  the  mixture 
slightly  and  allow  to  cool;  a  yellow  crystalline  precipitate 
is  formed,  turning  brown  when  dry. 

(3)  A  precipitate  is  obtained  when  lime-water  (Reagent 
10)  is  added  to  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  the  cold  saturated 
solution  of  Cinchonidin  Sulfate,  but  it    dissolves  again 
when  a  total  amount  of  13  c.c.  (211  minims)  of  lime-water 
is  added. 

(4)  Dissolve  0.50  gm.  (8  grs.)  of  the  Cinchonidin  Sulfate 
in  20  c.c.  (324  minims)  water  by  slightly  warming;   add 
1.50  gm.  (23  grs.)  finely  pulverized  Rochelle  salt  (potass. 
et  sod.  tartras) ;  dissolve  and  cool;  a  crystalline  precipitate 
of  cinchonidin  tartrate,  sparingly  soluble,  is  obtained. 

(5)  Dissolve  0.010  gm.   (J  gr.)  Cinchonidin  Sulfate  in 
10  c.c.   (162  minims)  water.     The  precipitate  caused  by 
adding  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  to  5  c.c.  (81  minims) 


60  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

cf  this  solution  does  not  dissolve  in  30  c.c.  (1  f .  oz.)  ammo- 
nia-water (Reagent  1).  To  the  other  5  c.c.  (81  minims) 
add  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  to  obtain  a  precipitate; 
then  add  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  ether;  agitate  strongly;  the 
precipitate  immediately  dissolves. 

(6)  Add  concentrated  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  to  a 
small  quantity  of  Cinchonidin  Sulfate,  and  then  a  crystal 
of  dichromate  of  potassium;  a  yellowish-green  color  is  pro- 
duced, which  gradually  changes  to  grass-green. 


Test  for  Cinchonin  Sulfate, 

Cinchonin  Sulfate  is  in  short,  white,  lustrous,  prismatic, 
hard  crystals,  without  odor,  having  a  very  bitter  taste; 
soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and  chloroform;  insoluble  in 
ether;  neutral  to  litmus  paper;  yields  a  red  tar  when 
heated  in  a  glass  tube. 

(1)  A  saturated  watery  phenol  solution  causes  a  strong 
turbidity   in   a  saturated  watery  solution  of  Cinchonin 
Sulfate. 

(2)  The  reaction  with  potassium  iodid  does  not  differ 
from  the  one  described  for  cinchonidin  sulfate. 

(3)  If  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  is  poured  on  some  Cin- 
chonin Sulfate,  this  colors  faintly  yellow  only  in  the  course 
of  a  day;    the  reaction  takes  place  much  quicker  with 
cinchonidin,  quinidin,  quinin,  or  their  salts. 

(4)  Dissolve  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  Cinchonin  Sulfate  in  10  c.c. 
(162  minims)  water.     The  precipitate  caused  by  ammonia- 
water  (Reagent  1)  added  to  5  c.c.   (81  minims)  of  this 
solution  is  not  dissolved,  even  by  adding  as  much  as  50 
c.c.   (1|  f.  oz.)  of  the  reagent.     To  the  other  5  c.c.  (81 
minims)  of  the  solution  add  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1) 
to  obtain  a  precipitate;    then  add  10  c.c.   (162  minims) 
ether,  and  agitate  strongly.     The  precipitate  does  not  go 
into  solution. 


TEST  FOR   COCA  IN  HYDROCHLORATE  61 

Test  for  Cocain  Hydrochlorate,  C17H21,NO4HCL 

Cocain  Hydrochlorate  is  the  hydrochlorate  of  an  alka- 
loid obtained  from  Coca.  It  occurs  in  colorless,  trans- 
parent, flaky,  lustrous  crystals  or  a  white  crystalline  pow- 
der of  a  saline,  slightly  bitter  taste,  and  producing  upon 
the  tongue  a  tingling  sensation  followed  by  numbness; 
applied  to  the  eye  it  causes  dilatation  of  the  pupil.  It  is 
permanent  in  the  air;  soluble  in  half  its  weight  of  water, 
in  alcohol,  and  in  chloroform;  almost  insoluble  in  benzene, 
petroleum  benzin,  and  ether;  its  solution  is  neutral  to 
litmus  paper.  Melting-point  200-202°  C.,  when  the  liquid 
gives  off  a  fruit-like  odor;  it  turns  brown  if  heated  higher, 
and  leaves  no  residue  on  incineration. 

(1)  Lime-water  (Reagent  10)  gives  a  turbidity  in  the 
watery  solution  of  Cocain  Hydrochlorate  (1 : 50)  which  is 
redissolved  when  about  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  the  reagent 
is  added;   less  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  is  required  to 
redissolve  it. 

(2)  0.10  gm.   (1J  grs.)  Cocain  Hydrochlorate  dissolves 
without  color  in  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent 
21),  but  the  solution  turns  brown  when  heated. 

(3)  When  Cocain  Hydrochlorate  is  triturated  with  an 
equal  quantity  of  calomel,  the  mixture  blackens  by  the 
slightest  humidity   (breathing  upon  it)  or  by  moistening 
with  alcohol. 

(4)  0.10  gm.  (1 J  grs.)  Cocain  Hydrochlorate  changes  the 
color  of  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  containing  chro- 
mic acid  (Reagent  22)  to  red  when  strewn  upon  it;   the 
change  to  green  (owing  to  formation  of  chromium  sulfate) 
does  not  commence  under  an  hour. 

(5)  A  faint-yellow  fluid  is  obtained,  which  becomes  red 
by  boiling,  when  one  drop  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Re- 
agent 4)  is  added  to  a  solution  of  0.020  gm.   (J  gr.)  of 
Cocain  Hydrochlorate  in  2   c.c.    (32  minims)   of  water. 


62  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

This  red  compound  (benzoate  of  iron)  is  insoluble  in  ether 
and  chloroform,  but  soluble  in  alcohol;  the  red-colored 
fluid  becomes  yellow  on  the  addition  of  hydrochloric  acid 
(Reagent  5). 

(6)  A  green-colored  fluid  is  obtained  when  1  c.c.   (16 
minims)  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  is  heated  with  0.010 
gm.   (J  gr.)  Cocain  Hydrochlorate  until  vapors  are  seen, 
and  0.020  gm.   (J  gr.)  potassium  iodate  is  now  dropped 
into  the  warm  solution;  the  fluid  changes  to  a  red-brown 
if  overheated. 

(7)  Evaporate  to  dryness  on  a  water-bath  a  solution  of 
0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  Cocain  Hydrochlorate  in  1  c.c.  (16  min- 
ims) of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15) ;   the  residue  is  colorless. 
Add  to  it  a  few  particles  of  caustic  potash  or  soda  and  a 
few  drops  of  alcohol,  when  a  delicious  and  very  perma- 
nent odor  of  benzoic  ethyl  ester  is  developed. 


Test  for  Codein,  C17H17-OCH3(OH)NO+H2O. 

Codein,  an  alkaloid  of  opium,  is  in  white  or  nearly 
translucent  octahedral  crystals;  odorless;  has  a  bitter 
taste;  easily  soluble  in  chloroform,  ether,  alcohol,  ammo- 
nia-water, and  carbon  disulfid;  less  soluble  in  water;  in 
boiling-water  Codein  forms  oily  drops ;  the  watery  solution 
has  an  alkaline  reaction  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  lodin  solution  (Reagent  6)  causes  a  turbidity  in  a 
watery  solution  of  Codein  (1:80),  soon  clearing  up  but  re- 
appearing on  addition  of  more  of  the  reagent. 

(2)  0.050   gm.   (}  gr.)  Codein  colors  red  when  strewn 
upon  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15) ;  the  acid 
itself  becomes  yellow  colored  only  when  warmed. 

(3)  Dissolve  0.075  gm.  (1J  grs.)  potassium  ferricyanid 
(K6Fe2(CN)i2)  in  200  c.c.  (6|  f.  oz.)  of  water,  to  which  is 
added  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  Reagent  4;  put  a  few  drops  of 


TESTS  FOR   CODEIN,   COLCHICIN.  63 

thjs  mixture  on  a  porcelain  lid,  and  strew  on  it  a  small 
quantity  of  Codein;  it  assumes  a  brown  color. 

(4)  Concentrated  suifuric   acid   (Reagent  21)   dissolves 
Codein  colorless,  even  when  warmed  five  minutes  with  the 
acid  on  the  water-bath;   the  acid  solution  becomes  imme- 
diately green,  blue,  and  violet  when  touched,  yet  warm, 
with  a  very  dilute  solution  of  ferric   chlorid  on  a  small 
glass  rod  and  kept  warm  on  the  water-bath  for  a  little 
while. 

(5)  The  solution  of  Codein  in  suifuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
becomes    green,    changing    to   dark   violet   when   stirred 
with  a  glass  rod  the  size  of  a  match,  slightly  moistened 
with  a  trace  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15). 

(6)  A  mixture  of  Codein  and  sodium  nitrate  strewn  on 
suifuric  acid   (Reagent  21)  gives  a  brownish-black  color- 
ation, changing  to  green  and  red-brown. 

(7)  Codein  remains  colorless  when  agitated  with  weak 
chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  diluted  one-half  ;  strong  chlorin- 
water  gives  a  beautiful  red  color,  especially  when  ammo- 
nia-water (Reagent  1)  is  added. 

(8)  Diluted  suifuric   acid   (1.11   sp.  gr.)  warmed  with 
Codein  on  a  water-bath  becomes  pink-colored. 

(9)  Codein   leaves  a  dark-brick-red  colored  mass  when 
a  crystal  is  dissolved   in   nitric   acid   (Reagent   15),  'the 
solution  evaporated  to  dryness  and  a  little  of  a  solution 
of  potassium  hydrate  in  absolute  alcohol   (1  :  10)  poured 
over  it,  and  the  mixture  evaporated  again. 

(10)  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  Codein  triturated  with  0.010  gm.. 
(J  gr.)  cane-sugar  and  two  drops  suifuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
gives  a  rose-red  mixture. 


Test  for  Colchicin, 

Colchicin  is  a  yellowish,  amorphous  powder;    without 
odor;    very  bitter,    soluble  in  water,  diluted  acids,  and 


64  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

alkaline  solutions;  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  chloro- 
form; hardly  soluble  in  ether,  and  insoluble  in  benzene. 
The  watery  and  alcoholic  solutions  have  no  reaction  on 
litmus  paper. 

(1)  A  piece  of  potassium  nitrate,  added  to  a  solution 
of  Colchicin  in  sulfuric  acid,  produces  a  beautiful  blue 
color,   changing   to  green,   dark  brown,   or  purple,    and 
finally  reddish  yellow. 

(2)  Evaporate   0.5    c.c.    (8   minims)    of   a   solution   of 
Colchicin    by  rotating   over   a  large  surface  in  a  warm 
evaporating-dish;     a  few  drops   of   a  ten   times  diluted 
ferric-chlorid   solution  (Reagent  4)  added  to  the  brown- 
yellow  film,  previously  moistened  with  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims) 
alcohol,  produces  a  greenish-brown  color;    sulfuric   acid 
(Reagent  21)  colors  the  film  bright  yellow;   violet  streaks, 
soon  fading  to  brown,  are  obtained  by  touching  the  sul- 
furic acid  with  a  small  glass  rod  moistened  with  a  trace 
of  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.4);   nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  alone 
gives  the  same  violet  color  reaction. 

(3)  A  strong  watery  solution  of  pure  phenol  gives,  with 
a  watery  Colchicin  solution,  a  white  precipitate,  turning 
bright  yellow. 

(4)  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  gives 
a  yellow  precipitate  in  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  of  a  Colchicin 
solution;    soluble   in   ammonia-water    (Reagent    1)    with 
an  orange  color. 

Test  for  Coniin,  C8H16NH6. 

Coniin  is  a  yellowish,  oily,  volatile,  liquid  alkaloid; 
floats  on  water;  has  a  strong,  repulsive,  penetrating  odor 
compared  to  that  of  the  urine  of  mice;  an  acrid  taste  sug- 
gestive of  tobacco;  is  freely  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and 
the  fixed  and  volatile  oils;  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1 : 150) ; 
the  watery  .solution  has  &n  alkaline  reaction  on  litmus  paper. 


TEST  FOR  CORROSIVE  SUBLIMATE.  65 

(jj  0.050  gm.  (|  gr.)  of  calomel  blackens  when  shaken 
with  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  Coniin  solution. 

(2)  Add  to  ten  drops  of  ether  in  a  shallow  glass  crys- 
tallizing-dish  two  drops  of  Coniin  and  cover  with  filter- 
paper;   set  upon  the  paper  a  common-size  watch-crystal 
containing  bromin-water   (Reagent  2);    invert  a  beaker 
over  the  whole  arrangement;    needle-shaped  crystals  of 
Coniin  hydrobromate  soon  form  in  the  dish,  as  well  as 
next    to    the   watch-crystal.      If    a   watery    solution   of 
this  Coniin  salt  is  shaken  with  magnesia  and  next  with 
carbon  disulfid,  the  latter  turns  yellow. 

(3)  A  blue  precipitate  is  formed  when   one  drop  of    a 
10  per  cent  copper-sulfate  solution  is  dropped  into  five 
drops  of  the  watery  solution  of  Coniin. 

(4)  Carbon  disulfid  colors  yellow  when  shaken  with  a 
watery  Coniin  solution  (1 : 150). 

(5)  Coniin  dissolves  sulfur.     If  0.020   gm.    (J  gr.)   of 
sulfur  is  moistened  with  Coniin,  it  softens  and  colors  red. 

(6)  Warmed  with  potassium  dichromate  and  sulfuric 
acid   (Reagent  21),  Coniin  yields  butyric  acid,  detected 
by  its  odor  of  rancid  butter. 

Test  for  Corrosive  Sublimate,  HgCl2. 

Corrosive  Mercuric  Chlorid. 

Corrosive  Sublimate  is  in  heavy,  white,  opaque,  or 
translucent  crystalline  masses;  is  odorless,  and  has  a 
sharp,  metallic  taste;  volatilizes  in  dense,  white  vapors, 
leaving  no  residue;  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  and 
glycerin;  the  aqueous  solution  reddens  blue  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Acidulate  the  liquid  to  be  tested  with  hydrochloric 
acid  (Reagent  5),  and  pass  through  it  an  excess  of  hydro- 
gen sulfid  (H2S);  a  black  precipitate,  insoluble  in  am- 
monium sulfid  and  in  nitric  acid,  indicates  Corrosive 
Sublimate. 


66  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(2)  The  fixed  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths  produce  a 
yellow  precipitate  of  mercuric  oxid   (HgO)  in  solutions 
of  Corrosive   Sublimate;    this   oxid   is   produced  in  the 
process  of  preparing  yellow  wash,  which  is  obtained  by 
mixing  Corrosive  Sublimate  with  lime-water. 

(3)  Potassium    iodid    yields    a    red    precipitate    when 
added  to  solutions  of  Corrosive  Sublimate;    the  precipi- 
tate is  soluble  in  excess  both  of  the  precipitant  and  the 
mercuric  salt. 

(4)  Place  a  small  piece  of  bright  copper,  about  half 
an  inch  long  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  broad,  in  a  solu- 
tion of  any  salt  of  mercury  and  heat  in  a  test-tube;   the 
copper  becomes  coated  with  mercury  in  a  state  of  fine 
division;    pour  away   the  supernatant  liquid    from    the 
copper;   wash  the  latter  once  or  twice  by  pouring  water 
into  and  then  out  of  the  test-tube;    remove  the  copper, 
take  off  excess  of  water  by  gentle  pressure  in  a  piece  of 
filter-paper,  dry  the  copper  by  passing  it  quickly  through 
a  flame,  holding  it  by  the  fingers;   finally  place  the  cop- 
per in  a  dry,  narrow  test-tube  and  heat  to  redness  in 
a   flame,   the   test-tube   being  held   almost  horizontally; 
the  mercury  sublimes  and  condenses  as  a  whitish  film 
of   minute   globules   on   the   cool   part   of   the   test-tube 
beyond    the    flame;     the    globules    aggregate    on    gently 
pressing  with  a  glass  rod,  and  are  especially  visible  where 
flattened  between  the  rod  and  the  side  of  the  test-tube. 
This  is  a  very  delicate  test  and  eliminates  mercury  in 
presence  of  other  substances,  organic  and  inorganic. 

Test  for  Cotoin,  C22H18O6. 

Cotoin,  the  active  principle  of  coto  bark,  is  in  yellowish- 
white,  light,  prismatic  crystals,  resembling  commercial 
gallic  acid;  has  a  sharp  taste;  without  odor;  soluble  in 
alcohol,  ether,  and  chloroform;  less  soluble  in  carbon 


TEST  FOR  CREOSOTE.  67 

disulfid,    almost   insoluble   in  water;    neutral   to   litmus 
paper. 

(1)  Ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  gives,  in  a  boil- 
ing saturated  watery  solution  of  Cotoin,   a  voluminous 
brown  precipitate;    the  fluid  becomes  dark  red-brown  at 
first. 

(2)  A  10  per  cent  lead-acetate  solution  gives  a  yellow 
turbidity  in  a  watery  solution  of  Cotoin. 

(3)  Sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  changes  the  color  of  a 
solution  of  Cotoin  in  ether  or  chloroform,  by  shaking,  to 
a  brown-yellow. 

(4)  Ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  colors  the  alco- 
holic solution  of  Cotoin  red-brown. 

(5)  Cotoin  is  soluble  in  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  and 
lime-water  (Reagent  10)  with  a  yellow  color. 

(6).  Cotoin  strewn  on  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  colors 
the  latter  greenish  yellow;  an  addition  of  sodium  nitrite 
(NaNO2)  gives  a  dark-red  color. 

(7)  Cotoin  does  not  give  a  color  reaction  at  first  with 
nitric  acid  (Reagent  15),  but  in  the  course  of  an  hour  a 
permanent  pink  hue  is  obtained. 

Test  for  Creosote. 

Creosote  is  an  oily  liquid,  colorless  when  fresh,  but,  as 
met  with  in  commerce,  frequently  of  a  brownish  tinge; 
has  a  burning  taste  and  a  penetrating,  disagreeable  odor, 
like  that  of  smoked  meat;  applied  to  the  skin  it  destroys 
the  cuticle,  and  leaves  a  white  spot ;  it  is  neutral  to  litmus 
paper;  is  inflammable;  very  slightly  soluble  in  cold 
water,  in  which  it  sinks;  insoluble  in  glycerin  (distinction 
from  liquid  carbolic  acid);  soluble,  in  all  proportions,  in 
alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  benzin,  carbon  disulfid,  acetic 
acid,  and  fixed  and  volatile  oils. 

(1)  The  watery  solution  of  Creosote  gives  a  green  color 


68  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

with  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4),  rapidly  changing 
to  a  reddish-brown  precipitate. 

(2)  The  nitrate  from  a  hot  watery  solution  of  Creosote 
yields  a  reddish-brown  precipitate  with  bromin-test  solu- 
tion (distinction  from  carbolic  acid). 

(3)  An  alcoholic  solution  of  iron  perchlorid  added  to  an 
alcoholic  solution  of  Creosote  produces  a  deep  greenish- 
blue  color,  but  with  carbolic  acid  a  light  brown. 


Test  for  Cryptopin,  C2iH23NO5. 

Cryptopin,  an  alkaloid  from  opium,  is  in  small,  colorless, 
odorless,  tufted  crystals,  or  in  a  crystalline  powder;  soluble 
in  acetone,  benzene,  and  chloroform;  sparingly  soluble  in 
alcohol;  hardly  at  all  in  ether,  carbon  disulfid,  or  water; 
has  a  bitter  taste,  followed  by  a  cooling  sensation  in  the 
mouth,  like  that  produced  by  peppermint,  or  a  choking 
feeling  in  the  throat;  has  a  strong  alkaline  reaction. 

(1),  Chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  dissolves  Cryptopin  with 
a  yellow  color,  increasing  in  intensity  to  red  on  the  addition 
of  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1). 

(2)  Sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  colors  a  hardly  visible 
particle  of  Cryptopin  yellow  at  first,  soon  changing  to 
red;    soon  pink-colored  streaks  flow  from  the  fragments 
when  strewn  upon  the  acid,  which  assume  a  violet  color, 
changing  to  blue  and  green;    the  color  is  blackish  blue 
when  a  trace  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  has  been 
added  to  the  acid;  if  a  small  particle  of  Cryptopin  is  tritu- 
rated  with    a    microscopical    crystal    of   sodium    nitrite 
(NaNO2)  and  then  thrown  on  the  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21), 
it  gives  a  dark  violet  color  changing  to  green,  and  on  the 
addition  of  an  excess  of  water  to  red. 

(3)  Cryptopin  thrown  upon  Reagent  22  immediately 
colors  the  latter  green. 

(4)  Cryptopin  becomes  yellow-colored  when  treated  with 


TEST  FOR   CUMARIN.  69 

sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  and  bismuth  subnitrate;  the 
yellow  color  changes  to  a  pure  green,  afterwards  turning 
black;  with  molybdic  acid  the  color  changes  to  green, 
black  and  blue*  with  titanic  acid,  yellow,  brown,  and 
pink;  with  tungstic  acid,  yellow-brown  and  greenish  gray. 

(5)  Cryptopin  throws  down  a  blue  precipitate  in  a  mix- 
ture  of  potassium-ferricyanid  and  ferric-chlorid  solutions 
after  a  few  minutes. 

(6)  If  Cryptopin  hydrochlorate  be  dissolved  in  about 
30  parts  of  hot  water  and  set  aside,  instead  of  crystallizing 
it  forms  a  jelly  closely  resembling  that  of  pure  gelatin. 

Test  for  Cumarin,  C9H602. 

Cumarin  is  in  large,  colorless  crystals;  has  a  strong, 
agreeable,  aromatic  odor  and  a  sharp,  bitter  taste;  solu- 
ble in  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloroform;  much  less  soluble  in 
carbon  disulfid  and  in  water;  does  not  change  litmus 
paper. 

(1)  If  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  Cumarin  is  dissolved  in  1  c.c. 
(16   minims)  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21)   and  0.010  gm. 
(\  gr.)  sodium  nitrate  (NaNO3)  is  added  to  the  solution 
this  becomes  red,  which  color  commences  in  the  test-tube 
from  above  in  the  course  of  a  few  hours;   saturated  with 
caustic-soda  solution  (Reagent  20)  the  color  changes  to 
pure  yellow. 

(2)  A  mixture  of  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  Cumarin  and  1  gm. 
(15^  grs.)  caustic  potash  turns  yellow  when  warmed;  this 
color  disappears  on  further  heating;    it  gives  the  violet 
salicylic-acid  reaction  with  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent 
4)  if  dissolved  in  slight  excess  of  diluted  sulfuric  acid  (sp. 
gr.  1.11)  and  one  drop  of  Reagent  4  is  added  to  the  cooled 
solution. 


70  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

Test  for  Cuprein,  CigH^^CV 

Cuprein  is  in  small  crystals;  soluble  in  alcohol;  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  ether,  benzene,  chloroform,  or  carbon 
disulfid;  these  solutions  quickly  turn  brown;  alkaline  to 
litmus  paper. 

(1)  The  alcoholic  solution  of  Cuprein  becomes  blood-red 
on  addition  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4). 

(2)  Add  to  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  Cuprein  solution  1  c.c. 
(16  minims)  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  and  then   slowly 
add  a  few  drops  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1 ) ;  an  emerald- 
green  color  is  developed.     This  is  the  Thalleioquin  reac- 
tion. 

Test  for  Digitalin,  C5H802. 

Digitalin  is  a  white  amorphous  powder;  odorless;  hav- 
ing a  bitter  taste;  soluble  in  water  1:1000;  almost  in- 
soluble in  ether  and  chloroform;  the  watery  solution  foams 
when  shaken;  soluble  in  cold  alcohol  1:100,  and  readily 
so  in  hot  alcohol;  if  a  small  quantity  of  alcohol  is  used 
in  the  latter  test,  a  kind  of  jelly  will  form  on  cooling. 

(1)  Digitalin  is  thrown  down  as  an  amorphous  precipi- 
tate if  ether  is  added  to  an  alcoholic  solution,  and  the  fil- 
trate will  yield  a  similar  precipitate  when  another  portion 
of  ethei  is  added. 

(2)  Digitalin  dissolves  with  a  yellow  color  in  hydro- 
chloric acid  (Reagent  5)  and  in  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21); 
the  solutions  soon  turn  red. 

(3)  A  bluish-red  color  reaction  is  obtained  if  1  drop  of 
nitric  acid  (Reagent  15),  1  drop  of  ferric-chlorid  solution 
(Reagent  4),  or  1  drop  of  bromin-water  (Reagent  2)  be 
added  to  the  yellow-colored  solution  of  Digitalin  in  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagent  21). 

(4)  An  intense  red  color  is  produced  if  a  trace  of  Digi- 
talin dissolved  in  water  is  mixed  with  a  weak  aqueous 


TESTS  FOR  DIURETIN,  ECGONIN,  EMETIN.  71 

solution   of   inspissated   bile   and   sufficient   sulfuric   acid 
(Reagent  21)  added  to  raise  the  temperature  to  70°  C. 


Test  for  Diuretin. 

Diuretin,  the  salicylate  of  sodium  and  theobromin,  is  a 
white  crystalline  powder;  at  first  sweetish,  later  salty, 
finally  of  a  bitter  taste;  soluble  in  warm  water  1:4;  has 
an  alkaline  reaction  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  To  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  a  saturated  aqueous  solu- 
tion of  Diuretin  add  1  drop  of  tannin  solution  (Reagent 
24);  an  abundant  precipitate  is  thrown  down,  soluble  in 
a  Diuretin  solution  as  well  as  in  an  excess  of  the  reagent. 

Test  for  Ecgonin,  C9H15NO3+H20. 

Ecgonin,  an  alkaloid  obtained  from  coca,  is  in  mono- 
clinic  crystals;  when  heated  they  give  off  vapors  of  an 
alkaline  reaction  and  not  disagreeable  odor;  easily  solu- 
ble in  water;  less  soluble  in  chloroform;  much  less  in 
alcohol,  ether,  or  carbon  disulfid;  a  watery  solution  does 
not  affect  litmus  paper;  has  a  slight  bitter  taste,  without 
the  peculiar  choking  and  numbness  produced  by  cocaine. 

(1)  Ecgonin  darkens  the  color  of  a  diluted  (1:2)  ferric- 
chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  when  dissolved  therein. 

(2)  Ecgonin  soon  causes  a  green  color  reaction  in  Re- 
agent 22. 

Test  for  Emetin,  C3oH4oN205. 

Emetin,  the  active  principle  of  ipecac,  is  a  yellowish- 
white  amorphous  powder;  odorless;  nearly  insoluble  in 
cold  water,  slightly  so  in  warm;  easily  soluble  in  alcohol, 
ether,  chloroform,  and  carbon  disulfid;  on  red  litmus 
paper  it  gives  an  alkaline  reaction  if  moistened  with  water 
or  alcohol;  its  watery  solution  has  a  bitter  taste. 


72  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(1)  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  tannin  solution  (Reagent  24) 
gives  a  slight  turbidity  in  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  a  solution 
of  Emetin  in  boiling  water. 

(2)  A  faint,   reddish-yellow   fluid   is   obtained   in   the 
course  of  an  hour  by  mixing  1  c.c.   (16  minims)  of  the 
aqueous  solution  of  Emetin  with  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  hy- 
drochloric acid  (Reagent  5)  and  adding  0.005  gm.  (-£%  gr.) 
potassium  chlorate  in  fine  crystalline  powder.     A  variation 
of  this  test,  immediately  active,  is  had  by  adding  to  the 
Emetin  a  solution  of  chlorinated  lime  in  the  presence  of  a 
trace  of  acetic  acid ;  this  gives  a  bright-orange  to  canary- 
yellow  color  reaction. 

(3)  Triturate  0.020  gm.   (J  gr.)  ammonium  molybdate 
with  5  drops  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);   Emetin  gives  a 
brown  color,  soon  changing  to   dark  green  when  thrown 
upon  the  foregoing  and  stirred  with  a  glass  rod. 

(4)  Add  a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  to  a 
small  particle  of  Emetin;  it  forms  a  nitrate,  at  first  bulky 
and  very  slightly  soluble  in  water,  but  soon  agglutinating 
into  a  brown,  pitch-like  matter,  very  soluble  in  water  and 
uncrystallizable. 

.  Test  for  Eseridin,  Ci5H23N3O3. 

Eseridin,  an  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  calabar  bean, 
is  in  small  crystals;  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  even  at  the 
boiling-point;  colors  the  water  brownish  red  at  this 
temperature;  easily  soluble  in  chloroform;  less  so  in 
ether,  alcohol,  and  carbon  disulfid;  when  heated  above 
132°  C.  it  evolves  biting,  stinging  vapors  of  alkaline  re- 
action; the  crystals  are  neutral. 

(1)  Eseridin  colors  bromin-water  (Reagent  2)  or  chlorin- 
water  (Reagent  3)  violet-red;  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1) 
increases  this  color. 

(2)  Eseridin  colors  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  yellow  first, 


TEST  FOR  ESER1N.  73 

red  afterwards;  this  solution  leaves  a  yellowish-red  residue 
when  evaporated  to  dry  ness,  that  changes  slowly  to  green 
on  attracting  moisture  from  the  atmosphere. 

(3)  Ammonia-  water  (Reagent  1),  lime-water  (Reagent 
10),  or  caustic-soda  solution    (Reagent  20),   poured  on 
Eseridin,  becomes  slowly  yellow  and  dirty  greenish. 

(4)  A  red  solution  is  obtained  by  slightly  warming  and 
agitating  a  trace  of  Eseridin  and  the  smallest  particle  of 
potassium  iodate  (KIOs),  with  a  few  c.c.  of  water;  chloro- 
form extracts  a  brown-red  color  from  this  mixture;    if 
acetic  acid  is  present,  however,  the  chloroform  becomes 
violet. 


Test  for  Eserin,  Ci5H 
Physostigmin. 

Eserin,  an  alkaloid  from  the  calabar  bean,  is  in  colorless 
or  pinkish  crystals;  slightly  soluble  in  water;  readily 
soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  benzene,  and  carbon 
disulfid;  the  watery  solution  is  tasteless,  has  an  alkaline 
reaction,  and  darkens  to  a  red  and  dark-brown  fluid  even 
in  closed  bottles  in  the  dark,  when  occasionally  exposed 
to  light;  this  coloring  of  the  watery  solution  takes  place 
immediately  when  the  solution  is  warmed. 

(1)  An  amorphous  residue  of  a  permanent  blue  color  is 
obtained  if  a  trace  of  Eserin,  or  of  one  of    its  salts,  is 
evaporated  in  the  presence  of  an  excess  of  ammonia;  this 
blue  alkaloid  dissolves  in  dilute  acids  with  a  red  color; 
the  solution  has  a  beautiful  red  fluorescence  in  reflected 
light;   when  evaporated  it  leaves  a  residue  that  is  green 
at  first,  changing  to  blue  afterwards,  the  blue  residue  is 
soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and  chloroform,  but  not  in  ether. 

(2)  When    ammonia-  water     (Reagent     1),     lime-water 
(Reagent   10),  or  caustic  -soda   solution   (Reagent  20)  is 
poured  on  Eserin,  or  one  of  its  salts,  it  is  colored  red. 


74  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

(3)  A  red  fluid  is  obtained  when  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  of 
Eserin,  0.050  gm.  (f  gr.)  of  slaked  lime,  and  1  c.c.  (16 
minims)  of  water  are  added  together;  warmed  in  a  water- 
bath  it  turns  green,  and  a  piece  of  red  litmus  paper  sus- 
pended in  the  test-tube  colors  blue;  the  green  solution 
does  not  lose  its  color  by  evaporation. 

(4)  Eserin  thrown  upon  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  or 
on   Reagent   22,    gives   a  yellow   color   reaction. 

(5)  Nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  turns  Eserin  yellow  first, 
red  afterwards;  the  residue  of  evaporation  is  yellow-red. 

(6)  Dissolve  0.010   gm.    (J   gr.)    of   an   Eserin  salt  in 
10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  water  and  drop  one  or  two  drops 
of  the  solution  into  the  eye;  within  fifteen  minutes  the 
pupil  becomes  contracted  to  the  size  of  a  pin-head  ;  this 
physiological  experiment  causes  little  inconvenience,  and 
passes  off  unnoticed. 


Test  for  Europhen, 

Di-isobutylorthocresol  iodid. 

Europhen  is  a  light,  dull-yellow  amorphous  powder, 
tasteless,  with  a  faint  aromatic  odor  suggestive  of  carbolic 
acid  ;  insoluble  in  water,  caustic  potash  or  soda  solutions, 
glycerin,  and  in  diluted  acids;  easily  soluble  in  alcohol, 
ether,  chloroform,  and  fatty  oils,  with  a  yellow  or  reddish- 
yellow  color;  water  gives  a  bright-yellow  flocculent  sedi- 
ment in  an  alcoholic  solution,  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Concentrated  sulfuric   acid    (Reagent  21)    changes 
Europhen  to  a  dark-brown  powder. 

(2)  0.50  gm.  (8  grs.)  Europhen,  5  gms.  (77  grs.)  zinc- 
dust,  and  20  c.c.  (325  minims)  water,  warmed  for  an  hour 
on  the  water-bath  with  frequent  agitation,  yields  a  colorless 
filtrate,  from  which  carbon  disulfid  does  not  extract  iodin; 
these  conditions  change,  however,  when  the  zinc  iodid  is 
decomposed  by  the  addition  of  bromin-water  (Reagent  2). 


TESTS  FOR  EXALGIN,  GALLIC  ACID.  75 

Test  for  Exalgin,  C6H5.NCH3(C2H3O) 

Methylacetanilid. 

Exalgin  forms  large  crystalline  needles;  very  soluble  in 
alcohol,  chloroform,  and  carbon  disulfid;  less  soluble  in 
ether;  soluble  in  cold  water  1:60,  in  boiling  water  1:2; 
the  watery  solutions  are  tasteless  and  neutral. 

(1)  Sodium   nitrate  or  nitrite  added  to  a  solution  of 
Exalgin  in  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21)  gives  yellow   to 
greenish  color  reactions. 

(2)  Exalgin  at  first  has  no  effect  upon  Reagent  22,  but 
later,  however,  changes  slowly  to  green. 

Test  for  Gallic  Acid,  C6H2(OH)3COOH+H2O. 

Gallic  Acid  crystallizes  in  slender,  silky,  fawn-colored 
needles;  odorless,  and  of  a  sour,  astringent  taste,  and 
acid  reaction;  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  and  gly- 
cerin; slightly  soluble  in  chloroform  and  in  carbon  disulfid; 
1  drop  of  a  saturated  aqueous  solution  is  nearly  tasteless, 
has  an  acid  reaction,  and  decomposes  sodium  hyposulfite 
solution  1:50  (distinction  from  tannin). 

(1)  Pyrogallol  sublimes  in  crystals  when  0.050  gm.  (f 
gr.)  Gallic  Acid,  mixed  with  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  calcium  car- 
bonate, is  heated  in  a  glass  tube;    the  sides  of  the  tube 
cover  with  moisture  at  the  same  time;  the  mixture  changes 
to  a  dark-brown  powder. 

(2)  Three  drops  of  a  saturated  aqueous  solution  of  Gallic 
Acid  soon  crystallize  when  carefully  brought  as  a  top  layer 
upon  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);  these 
crystals  dissolve  colorless  by  shaking. 

(3)  One  drop  of  a  saturated  aqueous  solution  of  Gallic 
Acid  gives  a  clear  mixture  with  1  drop  of  copper-sulfate 
solution  (1:14)  and  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  water;   a  brown 


76  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

precipitate  forms,  however,  if  0.010  gm.   (J  gr.)  sodium 
acetate  or  calcium  carbonate  is  shaken  with  the  mixture. 

'(4)  If  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  Gallic  Acid  be  mixed  with  0.010 
gm.  (J  gr.)  ferrous  sulfate  and  a  few  cubic  centimetres  of 
distilled  water  (the  distilled  water  must  be  boiled  first  and 
allowed  to  cool)  in  a  narrow  test-tube,  even  shaking  the 
contents  does  not  cause  any  immediate  coloration;  later, 
however,  the  solution  becomes  slowly  blue  colored,  com- 
mencing at  the  top,  and,  in  the  course  of  the  day,  a  black 
flocculent  precipitate  settles  down  therein;  the  coloring 
commences  very  soon  if  0.001  gm.  (^  gr.)  sodium  acetate 
is  added  in  making  the  reaction. 

(5)  Gallic  Acid  does  not  precipitate  morphin  or  quinin 
salts  from  a  saturated  aqueous  solution  of  the  latter,  nor 
gelatin,  albumen,  or  starch  (distinction  from  tannin). 

(6)  Gallic  Acid  gives  color  reactions  with  alkaline  fluids; 
2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  a  watery  solution  will  give  a  yellow- 
red  mixture  with  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  ammonia-water  (Re- 
agent 1);    poured   on  calcium  carbonate  it  turns  green; 
gives  a  colorless  mixture  with  an  equal  volume  of  lime- 
water  (Reagent  10),  a  faint  green  color  developing  a  few 
minutes  later;    this  takes  place  sooner  when  3  c.c.   (48 
minims)   of  lime-water  are  taken,  but  the  fluid  in  this 
case  is  darker  and  changes  soon  to  a  bluish  hue;  a  black 
flocculent  sediment  forms  also. 

(7)  A  deep  rose  color  is  developed  when  a  solution  of 
Gallic  Acid  is  treated  with  potassium  cyanid  (distinction 
from  tannin). 

(8)  Gallic  Acid  produces  a  deep  bluish-black  color  with 
ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4),  which  disappears  when 
the  solution  is  heated. 

(9)  On  adding  to  a  cold,  saturated,  aqueous  solution  of 
Gallic  Acid  an  excess  of  lime-water  (Reagent  10)  a  bluish- 
white  precipitate  will  form,  and  the  liquid  acquires  a  tint 
which  is  blue  by  reflected  li^ht  and  green  by  transmitted 


TEST  FOR   GELS  EM  IN.  77 

light,  and  becomes  pink  on  the  addition  of  a  large  excess 
of  the  lime-water  (distinction  from  tannin). 

(10)  If  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  a  cold  saturated  aqueous 
solution  of  Gallic  Acid  be  treated  in  a  watch-glass  with 
6  drops  of  sodium-hydrate  solution  (Reagent  20),  the 
liquid  will  gradually  acquire  a  deep-green  color,  which  is 
changed  to  reddish  or  brownish  red  by  acids. 

Test  for  Gelsemin,  C24H28N2O4. 

Gelsemin  is  a  white  amorphous  powder;  easily  soluble 
in  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloroform,  scarcely  soluble  in 
water,  which  solution  has  a  very  bitter  taste;  it  dilates 
the  pupil. 

(1)  Add  to  a  small  particle  of  Gelsemin  2  or  3  drops  of 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);    no  reaction  follows;    it  dis- 
solves  colorless;     add    a   small   quantity   of    manganese 
dioxid  and  stir  in  with  a  glass  rod;  cherry-red  streaks  flow 
from  the  manganese  dioxid;  the  same  cherry-red  color  is  ob- 
tained by  substituting  Reagent  23  for  the  manganese  dioxid. 

(2)  Dissolve  0.002  gm.  (fa  gr.)  of  Gelsemin  in  1  drop 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  add  0.005  gm.  (^  gr.)  finely 
pulverized  sugar  to  this  acid  solution;    the  sugar  colors 
red;   soon  purple  and  bluish  hues  appear  in  the  mixture, 
which  are  constant,  for  an  hour;  finally  the  sugar  chars. 

(3)  Drop  quietly  0.005  gm.  (T^  gr.)  of  Gelsemin,  with- 
out trying  to  dissolve  it,  into  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  a  very 
dilute  mixture  of  a  freshly  prepared  10  per  cent  solution 
of  potassium  ferricyanid  and  1  drop  of  Reagent  4;     the 
alkaloid  is  soon  covered  with  a  precipitate  of  Berlin  blue; 
within  an  hour  a  precipitate  of  Berlin  blue  settles  from 
the  whole  fluid. 

(4)  Spread  5  drops  of  Reagent  22  out  to  a  thin  film, 
and  drop  a  few  separate  particles  of  Gelsemin  on  it;  a  pur- 
ple spot  forms  around  every  particle,  soon  disappearing. 


78  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

Test  for  Guaiacol,  C6H4.OH.OCH3. 

Guaiacol  is  a  colorless,  clear,  neutral,  oily  liquid,  with 
an  odor  and  taste  suggestive  of  creosote;  miscible  with 
alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  caustic-soda  solution,  and  car- 
bon disulfid;  slightly  soluble  in  glycerin,  liquid  paraffin, 
and  water;  one  part  of  Guaiacol  dissolves  in  about  two 
hundred  parts  of  water  at  the  normal  temperature. 

(1)  Ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  gives  a  brown 
turbidity  in  the  watery  solution  of  Guaiacol. 

(2)  A  pure  blue-colored  fluid  is  obtained  by  the  addi- 
tion of  a  small  quantity  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent 
4)  to  an  alcoholic  solution  of  Guaiacol;    the  blue  color 
changes  to  green. 

(3)  Sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  dissolves  Guaiacol  with 
a   yellow-red   color,  considerable  heat  being  evolved  in 
the  process. 

(4)  A  yellow  fluid  changing  to  a  bright  red  is  obtained 
by  mixing  1  drop  of  Guaiacol,  5  drops  of  chloroform,  and 
10  drops  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);    the  chloroform 
separates  out  colorless. 

(5)  One  drop   Guaiacol  dissolves  with  a  dark-brown 
color  in  2  drops  of  Reagent  22. 

(6)  The  least  trace  of  Guaiacol  dissolves  in  nitric  acid 
(Reagent  15)  with  a  bright-red  color,  soon  changing  to 
a  dark  brown-red;   large  quantities  with  a  violent  action. 

(7)  Guaiacol    changes    to    a  green   and   violet-colored 
fluid  in  contact  with  alkaline  fluids  and  the  atmosphere. 

/CHgCO. 

Test  for  Heroin,  C17H17N03< 

X!H3CO. 

Diacetyl  Morphin. 

Heroin  is  a  white  inodorous,  crystalline  powder,  with 
a  faintly  bitter  taste;  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in 
dilute  acids. 


TESTS  FOR  HOMATROPIN,  HYDRAST1N.  79 

(1)  If  a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  are  added 
to  a  trace  of  Heroin,  the  latter  is  rapidly  dissolved,  pro- 
ducing a  yellow  solution  which  changes  gradually  (or 
rapidly  if  heated)  to  a  greenish  blue — the  change  appar- 
ently proceeding  from  the  middle  of  the  liquid.  The 
color  then  gradually  fades  until  the  liquid  has  again 
acquired  a  bright-yellow  color.  This  reaction  is  charac- 
teristic of  Heroin. 

Test  for  Homatropin,  Ci6H2iNO3. 
Homatropein,  Oxytoluylatropein. 

Homatropin  is  an  artificial  alkaloid  prepared  by  evap- 
orating a  mixture  of  tropin  and  mandelic  acid  with  di- 
luted hydrochloric  acid,  crystallizing  in  very  deliquescent 
prisms;  soluble  in  ether,  alcohol,  and  chloroform;  less 
soluble  in  water  and  in  carbon  disulfid,  alkaline  to  lit- 
mus paper  when  placed  on  it  with  a  drop  of  water. 

(1)  Dissolve    0.002    gm.    (-^  gr.)    Homatropin    in    1 
drop  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15);  evaporate  to  dry  ness,  and 
add    an   alcoholic    potassium-hydrate   solution    (1:5)    to 
the  residue;  a  distinctly  yellow  color  is  produced. 

(2)  Dissolve  0.005  gm.  (fa  gr.)  of  Homatropin,  or  one 
of  its  salts,  in  a  little  water;  make  alkaline  with  ammonia- 
water  (Reagent  1);    agitate  in  a  separator  with  10  c.c. 
(162    minims)    of    chloroform;    collect   the   chloroform; 
evaporate.     Now  make  a  2  per  cent  solution  of  mer- 
curic chlorid  in  50  per  cent  alcohol,  and  add   10  drops 
thereof  to  the  residue  from  the  evaporation  of  the  chloro- 
form;  warm  slightly;    a  brick-red  precipitate  is  formed. 

Test  for  Hydrastin,  C2iH21NO6. 

Hydrastin  is  in  short,  colorless,  or  somewhat  opales- 
cent, four-sided  prisms;  odorless  and  almost  tasteless  in 
consequence  of  its  insolubility  in  the  saliva;  soluble  in 


8o  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

chloroform,  ether,  and  alcohol;  nearly  insoluble  in  water; 
the  watery  solution,  however,  has  a  very  faintly  bitter 
taste  and  is  neutral  to 'litmus  paper. 

(1)  An  aqueous  solution  of  Hydrastin,   or  one  of  its 
salts  (especially  the  acetate),  has  an  acid  reaction  and 
very  bitter  taste,  with  a  peculiar  choking  sensation;   the 
solution  of  the  acetate  is  greenish-blue  fluorescent  when 
not  too  dilute. 

(2)  Hydrastin   thrown  on  sulfuric   acid    (Reagent  21) 
colors  the  latter  yellow,  changing  to  purple;  nitric  acid 
(Reagent    15)    colors   slowly   yellow   if   present   in   very 
small  quantities;    the  color  is  orange-red  if  the  alkaloid 
is  present  in  a  large  quantity;    a  green-blue  fluorescent 
fluid  is   obtained  with  this   acid   test  by  diluting  with 
water. 

(3)  The  smallest  particle  of  Hydrastin  colors  Reagent  22 
bright  red. 

(4)  A   dark-green   color   reaction   is   obtained   from   a 
small  particle  of  Hydrastin  when  strewn  upon  a  mix- 
ture of  0.020  gm.   (J  gr.)  ammonium  molybdate  and  5 
drops  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  difference  from  morphin. 

(5)  Yellow    to    brown-yellow,    red-yellow,    and    dark- 
brown  color  reactions  are  obtained  if  a  small  quantity  of 
bismuth  subnitrate  is  triturated  to  a  soft  mass  with  a 
few  drops  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  and  a  few  par- 
ticles of  Hydrastin  are  strewn  thereon. 

Test  for  Hyoscin,  Ci7H23NO3. 

Hyoscin  is  a  brown,  transparent,  semi-liquid,  balsam- 
like  substance,  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  water. 

(1)  Hyoscin  dissolved  in  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  and 
dried  on  a  water-bath  is  turned  violet  by  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  potassium  hydrate. 

(2)  An  aqueous  solution  of  Hyoscin  is  precipitated  by 


TESTS  FOR  HYOSCYAMIN,  IODOL.  81 

potassium-hydrate    solution  but  not  by  ammonia-water 
(Reagent  1). 

(3)  Hyoscin  does  not  throw  down  mercuric  oxide  when 
added  to  a  solution  of  mercuric  chlorid  and  warmed  on 
a  water-bath  (difference  from  atropin). 

Test  for  Hyoscyamin,  C17H23N03. 

Hyoscyamin  is  in  long,  white,  silky  needles;  has  an 
alkaline  reaction  to  phenolphthalein;  an  acrid,  disagree- 
able taste;  odorless;  slightly  soluble  in  water;  very 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  is  quickly  altered  by  con- 
tact with  water  and  an  alkali;  when  heated  with  potassa 
or  soda  is  completely  decomposed  with  disengagement 
of  ammonia;  neutralizes  acids,  and  is  precipitated  by 
infusion  of  galls;  dilates  the  pupil. 

(1)  An  aqueous  solution  of  Hyoscyamin  acidulated 
with  hydrochloric  acid  is  not  precipitated  by  platinic 
chlorid  but  is  by  gold  chlorid,  and  this  when  dissolved 
in  boiling  water,  acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid  and 
crystallized,  yields  lustrous,  golden-yellow  scales  (dis- 
tinction from  atropin). 

Test  for  lodol,  C4I4NH. 

Tetraiodopyrrol. 

lodol  is  a  whitish  or  pale  yellow  crystalline  powder; 
tasteless;  odorless  when  strictly  pure,  but  usually  with 
a  faint  odor;  becomes  brown  when  heated  on  the  water- 
bath  and  loses  iodin;  explodes  when  heated  to  140°  C., 
giving  off  violet  vapors  and  leaving  a  shining  charcoal; 
very  little  soluble  in  boiling  water  (1 :5000) ;  easily  soluble 
in  ether,  alcohol,  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  on  warm- 
ing, and  in  carbon  disulfid;  less  soluble  in  chloroform. 

(1)  A   sediment   of   shining,    black,   heavy   crystals   is 


82  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

formed  if  0.050  gm.  (f  gr.)  lodol,  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  mer- 
curic chlorid,  and  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  water  are  boiled 
together;  they  are  formed,  also,  but  more  slowly,  when 
0.050  gm.  (f  gr.)  lodol  is  warmed  for  hours  with  5  c.c. 
(81  minims)  of  Reagents  13  or  14. 

(2)  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  of  lodol  strewn  upon  2  c.c.   (32 
minims)    sulfuric    acid    (Reagent    21)    colors    the   latter 
yellow,  green,  and  brown;    a  brighter  and  more  constant 
green  color  is  obtained  when  2  drops  of  a  ferric  -chlorid 
solution  (Reagent  4)  is  added  to  the  acid.    , 

(3)  Boiling   hydrochloric   acid   decomposes   lodol  ;   and 
the  solution  colors  brown  giving  off  violet  vapors  of  iodin. 

(4)  lodol  is  decomposed  by  boiling  nitric  acid  (Reagent 
15)  with  a  red  color. 

(5)  A  red  fluid,  changing  to  brown  in  a  few  minutes,  is 
obtained  if  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  lodol  is  agitated  with  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)  of  Reagent  22. 

(6)  A  dark-green  residue  with  brown  edges  is  obtained 
if  0.005  gm.  (yg-  gr.)  lodol  is  slowly  evaporated  in  a  flat- 
bottomed  dish  with  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  water  and  1  drop 
of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4). 

(7)  Addition  of  2  drops  of  a  —  silver  solution  to  0.020  gm. 

(J  gr.)  lodol,  dissolved  in  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  alcohol 
(0.83  sp.  gr.)  in  the  dark,  reduces  silver;  the  fluid  be- 
comes turbid,  green  to  violet  colored,  and  clears  up  slowly. 


Test  for  Laudanin, 

Laudanin,  an  alkaloid  of  opium,  forms  small,  rose-colored, 
tasteless  granules,  or  rhombic  crystals;  gives  a  blue  spot 
on  moist  red  litmus  paper;  is  easily  soluble  in  chloroform 
and  sodium-hydrate  solution  (Reagent  20);  less  soluble 
in  alcohol,  ether,  or  carbon  disulfid. 

(1)  Colors  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  yellow  or  faintly 


TEST  FOR  LAUDANOSIN.  $3 

red  when  agitated  therewith,  changing  to  a  brown  -hue 
on  the  addition  of  ammonia-  water  (Reagent  1). 

(2)  At  first  Laudanin  does  not  give  any  color  reaction 
when  strewn  upon  sulfuric   acid  (Reagent  21);    a  little 
later,  however,  a  pink  color  turning  to  red  is  developed; 
a  dark  carmine-red  color  reaction  is  obtained  when  a  drop 
of    ferric-chlorid    solution    (Reagent   4,   diluted   1:10)   is 
added  to  the  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);    the  red  color 
soon  darkens  into  red-brown. 

(3)  Laudanin  colors  black,   changing   to   a  red-brown 
when  a  very  small  particle  of  sodium  -nitrate  is  added  to 
the  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21). 

(4)  Laudanin  colors  red-brown  when  strewn  on  nitric 
acid  (Reagent  15). 

(5)  A  permanent  green-colored  fluid  is  obtained  when  a 
few  milligrams  are  agitated  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  a 
very  dilute,  nearly  colorless  ferric-chlorid  solution  (1  drop 
of  Reagent  4  to  25  c.c.  (405  minims)  of  water);    neither 
chloroform  nor  carbon  disulfid  takes  the  color  out. 

(6)  The    watery   solutions    of    Laudanin    acetate    are 
bitter. 


Test  for  Laudanosin, 

Laudanosin  crystallizes  in  long  needles;  soluble  in  ether, 
alcohol,  and  chloroform;  insoluble  in  water  and  in  solution 
of  the  alkalies;  gives  a  blue  spot  when  strewn  upon 
moist  red  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Laudanosin  colors  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  yellow; 
ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)   develops  a  red  color  from 
the  yellow. 

(2)  Laudanosin  dissolves  in  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
with  a  lilac  color  soon  fading;  touch  the  sulfuric  acid  with 
a  glass  rod  moistened  with  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent 
4)  ;  the  color  changes  to  an  intense  violet. 

(3)  A  bright  red  is  obtained  when  a  mixture  of  0.005  gm. 


84  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(iVsr-)  Laudanosin  and  0.005  gm.  (-fa  gr.)  sodium  nitrite 
(NaNO2)  is  strewn  upon  a  few  drops  of  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent  21);  a  faintly  pink  color  reaction  is  obtained 
when  cane-sugar  is  substituted  for  the  sodium  nitrite; 
the  color  changes  to  brown-yellow. 

(4)  A  yellow  color  reaction  is  obtained  by  treating 
Laudanosin  with  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15). 

Test  for  Menthol,  C10H19(OH). 

Menthol  crystallizes  in  long,  colorless  needles,  with  a 
peppermint  odor  and  a  warm,  aromatic  taste,  followed 
by  a  sensation  of  cold  when  air  is  drawn  into  the  mouth; 
it  dissolves  easily  in  ether,  alcohol,  chloroform,  liquid 
paraffin,  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  carbon  disulfid;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  to  which  it  imparts  its  odor  and 
taste,  and  in  caustic  potash  and  soda  solutions;  applied 
to  the  skin  it  causes  a  peculiar  sensation  of  cold ;  its  alco- 
holic solution  is  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  A  yellow   liquid   changing  to   a  turbid  brown-red 
color  is  obtained  by  shaking  0.50  gm.   (8  grs.)  Menthol 
with  20  c.c.  (325  minims)  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21). 

(2)  Menthol  liquefies  when  triturated  with  chloral  hy- 
drate, camphor,  phenol,  resorcin,  or  thymol  in  the  pro- 
portion of  2  parts  of  the  former  to  1  of  the  latter. 

(3)  Boiled  with  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  diluted  with 
half  its  volume  of  water,  Menthol  acquires  an  indigo-blue 
or  ultramarine  color,  the  acid  becoming  brown. 

Test  for  Methacetin,  C6H4-OCH3.NH(C2H3O). 

Paraoxymethylacetanilid. 

Methacetin  forms  white,  lustrous,  scaly,  odorless  crystals 
or  needles,  with  a  taste  suggestive  of  acetanilid;  easily 
soluble  in  acetone,  alcohol,  and  chloroform;  less  soluble 


TEST  FOR  MORPHIN.  85 

in  ether  and  carbon  disulfid;  soluble  in  cold  water  (1  :500) 
and  in  boiling  water  (1:12);  soluble  in  glycerin  and  in 
olive-oil;  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Methacetin  is  easily  soluble  in  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent 
21),  the  solution  being  colorless  at  water-bath  tempera- 
ture, but  of  violet  hue  when  heated  higher. 

(2)  A  red  color  is  obtained  when  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  Meth- 
acetin is  heated  to  boiling  with  0.5  c.c.  (81  minims-)  hydro- 
chloric acid  (Reagent  5),  cooled,  diluted  with  3  c.c.  (48 
minims)  water,  and  1  drop  of  Reagent  17  added. 

(3)  If  0.10  gm.  (1J  gr.)  Methacetin  is  warmed  with  1  c.c. 
(16  minims)  caustic-soda  solution  (Reagent  20),  and  3 
drops  chloroform,  it  gives  off  the  offensive  poisonous  odor 
of  phenylisocyanid  (the  isonitril  reaction). 

(4)  A  bright  green-colored  fluid  is  obtained  when  a  mix- 
ture of  0.030  'gm.  (J  gr.)  Methacetin  and  0.030  gm.  (i  gr.) 
sodium  nitrate  (NaNOs)  is  strewn  upon  1  c.c.  (16  minims) 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);  the  fluid  is  violet  colored  when 
sodium  nitrite  (NaNC^)  has  been  taken  instead  of  the 
nitrate. 

(5)  Methacetin  is  soluble  in  nitric  acid   (Reagent  15) 
with  a  red-yellow  color. 

(6)  0.010  gm.  (\  gr.)  Methacetin  when  shaken  with  10 
c.c.   (162   minims)  chlorin-water  (Reagent   3)  colors  the 
latter  red  -yellow;    a  'few  drops  ammonia-water  (Reagent 
1)  changes  this  immediately  to  a  brown-red. 


Test  for  Morphin,  C17H19NO3 

Morphin  crystallizes  in  white,  shining,  transparent,  fine 
needles  or  prisms,  or  in  a  crystalline  powder;  very  slightly 
soluble  in  water,  ether,  chloroform,  benzene,  and  carbon 
disulfid;  more  soluble  in  alcohol  and  acetone;  has  an  alka- 
line reaction  to  litmus  paper;  melts  at  200°  C.,  forming 
a  purple  fluid,  changing  to  a  dark  brown,  later  on  to  black. 


86  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

(1)  A  blue  fluid  that  can  be  diluted  with  water  without 
fading  is  obtained  when  a  few  crystals  of  Morphin  are 
moistened  with  water  and  1  drop  of  Reagent  4  is  added. 

(2)  Morphin  gives  no  reaction  with  strictly  pure  sul- 
furic  acid   (Reagent  21)  when  strewn  upon  it  in  finely 
pulverized  form,  though  in  course  of  time  the  acid  turns 
somewhat  green;    this  mixture  becomes  dark  purple  or 
brown  when  touched  with  a  pointed  glass  rod  moistened 
with  a  faint  trace  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15);  more  nitric 
acid  changes  the  color  to  red. 

(3)  Crystals  of  Morphin  become  bright-red  colored  when 
strewn  upon  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15),  while  the  acid  itself 
becomes  yellow-red;    this  color  test  of  the  acid  is  better 
observed  when  it  has  been  previously  diluted  with  twice 
its  volume  of  water. 

(4)  Triturate  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  ammonium  molybdate 
with  5  drops  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  spread  this  out  to 
a  thin  film  and  add  a  trace  of  Morphin,  when  the  paste 
becomes  permanently  blue  colored.     Dissolve  0.010  gm. 
(J  gr.)  Morphin  in  100  c.c.  (3  f.  oz.)  water;   dilute  10  c.c. 
(162  minims)  of  this  solution  to  1000  c.c.  (34  f.  oz.),  and 
evaporate  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  this  to  dryness,  and  add 
to  it  the  freshly  prepared  mixture  of  ammonium  molyb- 
date and  sulfuric  acid;   a  lilac  color  appears  immediately, 
soon  changing  to  a  permanent  dark  blue.     Pink- violet  and 
brown-red  colors  are  obtained  when  titanic  acid  is  sub- 
stituted for  the  ammonium  molybdate.     Morphin  gives  a 
black  or  dark-brown  color  reaction  if  pure  bismuth  sub- 
nitrate  is  used  instead  of  ammonium  molybdate. 

(5)  Morphin  dissolves  in  Reagent  22  with  a  faint  green 
color,  increasing  in  intensity  when  more  potassium  di- 
chromate  is  added;    the  mixture  becomes  at  last  brown 
colored,  but  in  course  of  time  the  green  hue  may  come 
back. 

(6)  A  rose-red  mixture  is  obtained  by  triturating  to- 


TEST  FOR  MORPHM.  87 

gether  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  Morphin  with  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.) 
cane-sugar,  and  2  drops  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21). 

(7)  Morphin  causes  a  blue  precipitate  in  a  mixture  of 
ferric  chlorid  and  potassium  ferricyanid;   the  best  way  to 
observe  it  is  to  strew  the  Morphin,  or  its  salt  previously 
reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  upon  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of 
the  mixture. 

(8)  A  mixture  of  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  potassium  iodate 
(KIOs),  5  drops  acetic  acid,  and  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  water 
may  be  warmed  together  on  a  water-bath,  in  a  scrupulously 
clean  test-tube,  without  decomposition;  but  iodin  is  liber- 
ated immediately  upon  the  addition  of  0.001  gm.  (-fa  gr.) 
of  Morphin  or  one  of  its  salts;  chloroform  extracts  it  with 
the  well-known  purple  color. 

(9)  0.050  gm.  (}  gr.)  finely  pulverized  Morphin  dissolves 
easily  in  50  c.c.  (If  f.  oz).  of  lime-water;   chlorin-water 
(Reagent  3)  colors  this  solution  bright  red. 

(10)  Strong  chlorin-water  is  colored  pale  yellow  when 
agitated  with  Morphin  or  its  salts;    a  brown  to  red  color 
is  obtained  at  the  place  of  contact  when  this  mixture  is 
carefully  overlaid  with  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1);   the 
fluid  becomes  dark  brown  when  the  reagents  mix. 

(11)  When  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  Morphin  is  evaporated  on  a 
sand-bath  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  10  per  cent  sulfuric 
acid,  the  solution  dries  at  the  edges  with  a  gray,  some- 
what purplish  tinged  color;   the  fluid  itself  colors  brown- 
red. 

(12)  A  bright  blue-colored  fluid  is  obtained  in  the  course 
of  an  hour,  when  0.020  gm.   (J  gr.)  Morphin,  0.020  gm. 
(J  gr.)  sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2),  and  0.040    gm.   (§  gr.) 
mercuric  chlorid  are  warmed  and  frequently  stirred  on  the 
water-bath  with  6  c.c.  (97  minims)   of  water;   the  fluid 
afterwards  becomes   turbid,  and  a  dark -blue  crystalline 
precipitate  settles  down  that  turns  brown  in  the  course 
of  a  day;   alcohol  does  not  destroy  the  blue  color.     This 


88  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

reaction  may  be  hastened  by  warming  the  mixture  over 
an  open  flame  instead  of  on  the  water-bath;  but  the  color 
is  not  so  bright;  a  violet-blue  is  obtained  when  0.020  gm. 
(J  gr.)  mercuric  chlorid  (instead  of  0.040  gm. — f  gr.)  and 
4  c.c.  (64  minims)  instead  of  6  c.c.  (97  minims)  of  water 
are  taken;  with  Morphin  salts  the  reaction  does  not 
succeed  as  well  as  with  the  alkaloid;  an  amethyst  color 
is  obtained  by  employing  mercuric  bromid  instead  of 
mercuric  chlorid  (distinction  from  codein,  narcein,  nar- 
cotin,  and  papaverin). 

(13)  When  added  to  a  solution  of  iodic  acid  or  an 
acidulous  iodate,  Morphin  and  its  salts  redden  the  liquid 
and  set  iodin  free;  various  other  organic  substances 
act  in  a  similar  manner,  but  the  color  produced  by  these 
is  removed  by  ammonia,  while  the  redness  produced  by 
Morphin  is  greatly  intensified  by  the  addition  of  ammonia. 

Test  for  Naphthalin,  Ci0H8. 

Naphthalene. 

Naphthalin  is  in  large  white,  thin  crystalline  scales,  with 
a  penetrating,  disagreeable,  coal-tar  odor,  and  a  burning, 
aromatic  taste;  it  is  soluble  in  ether,  alcohol,  chloroform, 
benzene,  liquid  paraffin,  warm  acetic  acid,  fixed  and 
volatile  oils,  and  carbon  disulfid;  insoluble  in  cold  water, 
but  when  boiled  with  it  imparts  a  faint  odor  and  taste; 
is  neutral  to  litmus  paper  moistened  with  alcohol. 

(1)  In  the  cold,  concentrated  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
colors  Naphthalin  a  little,  if  strictly  pure,  but  if  warmed  on 
the  water-bath  gives  a  brown  or  red  color  reaction;  yellow 
if  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  is  substituted.'  The  mixture 
becomes  brown  if  the  sulfuric  acid  contains  a  trace  of 
nitric  acid;  the  same  color  also  develops  slower  when  a 
trace  of  sodium  nitrate  (NaNO3)  has  been  added  to  the 
sulfuric  acid. 


TEST  FOR  NAPHTHOL.  89 

(3)  A  red,  purple-tinged  fluid  is  obtained  when  0.10  gm. 
(J  gr.)  Naphthalin  is  triturated  with  a  pointed  glass  rod 
previously  moistened  with  a  trace  of  ferric-chlorid  solution 
(Reagent  4)  and,  drop  by  drop,  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  is  added;  the  color  changes  to 
dark  violet  when  warmed  on  the  water-bath,  and  becomes 
red  when  diluted  with  water.  Neither  chloroform  nor 
carbon  disulfid  extract  the  color  from  this  mixture. 

(3)  Every  particle   of   Naphthalin   turns   immediately 
black  when  strewn  upon  a  mixture  of  0.030  gm.  (\  gr.) 
sodium  nitrite  (NaNC^)  and  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagent  21). 

(4)  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  colors 
a  bright  red  when  slightly  warmed  and  agitated  with  a 
solution  of  0.050  gm.   (f  gr.)   Naphthalin  in  1  c.c.   (16 
minims)  of  chloroform;   the  chloroform  remains  colorless. 

(5)  Abundant  yellow  crystalline  needles  of  Naphthalin 
picrate  form  if  0.090  gm.  (1J  grs.)  Naphthalin  and  0.160 
gm.  (2£  grs.)  picric  acid  are  dissolved  in  4  c.c.  (64  minims) 
of  warm  alcohol  (0.83  sp.  gr.)  and  the  solution  allowed  to 
cool. 

Test  for  Naphthol,  C10H7OH. 

Alpha-  and  Beta-N  aphthol. 

Alpha-Naphthol  crystallizes  (from  boiling  water)  in 
long,  soft,  colorless  needles,  soon  coloring  brown-red; 
is  easily  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  benzene,  very 
little  so  in  cold  water,  with  a  faint  odor  recalling  that 
of  carbolic  acid,  and  a  burning  acrid  taste. 

(1)  Shake  a  few  crystals  of  Alpha-Naphthol  with  50  c.c. 
(If  f.  oz.)  milk  of  lime;    filter;    add  to  the  clear  filtrate 
bromin-water   (Reagent  2);    a  flocculent  sediment  of  a 
lilac  color,  soon  changing  to  violet,  is  produced. 

(2)  Mix   0.025   gm.    (or   i   gr.)    Alpha-Naphthol   with 


90  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

2.5  c.c.  (40  minims)  of  94  per  cent  alcohol,  7.5  c.c. 
(121  minims)  water,  and  ten  drops  of  ferric-chlorid  solu- 
tion (Reagent  4);  a  yellow-red  flocculent  sediment,  soon 
changing  to  brown  and  afterwards  to  a  lilac,  forms  in 
the  mixture. 

(3)  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  Alpha-Naphthol,  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.) 
mercuric  chlorid,  and  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  of  sodium  nitrate 
(NaNO3)   warmed   on  a  water-bath  with   10   c.c.    (162 
minims)  of  water  give  a  bright-red  precipitate. 

Beta-Naphthol  is  in  colorless,  silky  scales  or  yellowish- 
white  crystalline  powder,  having  a  weak  phenol-like 
odor  and  a  sharp  but  not  persistent  taste;  it  is  easily 
soluble  in  watery  solutions  of  the  alkalies,  in  ether,  alcohol, 
benzene,  chloroform,  and  oils;  less  soluble  in  carbon 
disulfid,  with  difficulty  in  liquid  paraffin;  soluble  in  boil- 
ing water  1:76,  in  water  at  15°  C.  1:1000;  neutral  to 
litmus  paper  moistened  with  alcohol. 

(4)  Beta-Naphthol  colors  cold  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
red-yellow;   nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  colors  red,  whereby 
the  crystals  of  Beta-Naphthol  blacken;    every  particle 
of  Beta-Naphthol  that  comes  in   contact  with  sulfuric 
acid  containing  a  trace  of  nitric  acid  blackens  imme- 
diately. 

(5)  Boil  1  gm.  (15i  grs.)  Beta-Naphthol  with  100  c.c. 
(3J  f.  oz.)  of  water,  cool  to  15°  C.;    filter;    this  filtrate 
colors  green  when  a  few  drops  of  ferric-chlorid  solution 
(Reagent  4)  is  added  to  it;   it  soon  becomes  turbid,  and 
beautiful  white  crystals  conglomerate  in  it;  these  crystals 
appear  in  a  short  time  if  0.025  gm.   (or  i  gr.)  of  Beta- 
Naphthol  is  dissolved  in  25  c.c.   (40  minims)  of  alcohol 
(sp.  gr.  83),  75  c.c.   (2J  f.  oz.)  of  water,  and  10  drops 
of  the  ferric-chlorid  solution  are  added;    the  clear  fluid 
has  a  yellow-green  color. 

(6)  Shake  50  c.c.  (If  f.  oz.)  milk  of  lime  with  a  few 
crystals  of  Beta-Naphthol  and  filter,  whereby  a  highly 


TEST  FOR  NARCEIN.  91 

fluorescent  solution  is  obtained,  in  which  crystals  of  Beta- 
Naphthol  form  in  large  quantities  after  the  addition  of 
acetic  or  other  acids.  Bromin-water  (Reagent  2)  gives 
a  dense  turbidity,  turning  dirty  green  after  the  addi- 
tion of  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1);  a  dark-brown  floccu- 
lent  sediment  soon  forms. 

(7)  Ammonia-water   (Reagent    1)   agitated  with  Beta- 
Naphthol  becomes  fluorescent. 

(8)  0.10  gm.  (i  gr.)  Beta-Naphthol  and  0.160  gm.  (}  gr.) 
of  picric  acid  dissolve  when  slightly  warmed  with  1  c.c. 
(16  minims)  of  alcohol  of  94  per  cent  and  1.5  c.c.  (24 
minims)    of  water;    on  cooling  they  are  deposited  sepa- 
rately as  yellow-red  crystals. 

(9)  Beta-Naphthol  is  soluble  in  warm  concentrated  sul- 
furic   acid   with   a    green-  violet   color;    it    becomes   red, 
soon  changing  to  brown-black  if  it  is  strewn  upon  5  c.c. 
(81  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  containing  0.030  gm.  (J  gr.) 
sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2). 

(10)  A  reaction  for  both  Alpha-  and  Beta-Naphthol  is 
to  dissolve  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  of  the  compound  in  5  drops 
of   chloroform;    add   5  drops   of   a   10  per  cent,  caustic 
soda  or  potash  solution;    heat  to  50°  C.;    the  top  layer 
turns  blue;    this  blue  layer  sinks  when  ether  is  added; 
the   whole  fluid  is  blue  if  alcohol  is  added;    it  fades  by 
addition  of  acetic  acid. 

(11)  A  piece  of  pine  wood   dipped   into   an   aqueous 
solution  of  Beta-Naphthol  and  afterwards  moistened  with 
diluted  hydrochloric  acid  becomes  green  on  exposure  to 
daylight. 


Test  for  Narcein,  C^HagNOg  -f  2H2O. 

Narcein  crystallizes  in  long  white  prisms  or  needles; 
inodorous;  having  a  bitter  taste;  soluble  in  alcohol, 
slightly  so  in  carbon  disulfid  and  chloroform,  hardly  soluble. 


92  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

in  benzene  and  in  ether;  soluble  in  water  at  100°  C. 
1:100,  at  15°  C.  1:425;  easily  soluble  in  lime-water; 
the  solution  becoming  yellowish  colored  and  changing 
to  red  after  the  addition  of  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3); 
neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Narcein  does  not  give   the   reaction   with   ferric- 
chlorid   solution   (Reagent   4)   as   morphin  does;   neither 
does  it  give  the  blue  precipitate  in  the  potassium  ferri- 
cyanid  mixture  as  morphin  does. 

(2)  Narcein  colors  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  brownish 
yellow;      red    and    red-brown    afterwards    when    strewn 
upon  it;  the  mixture  becomes  brown- violet  when  stirred 
with  a  glass  rod  moistened  with  a  trace  of    nitric  acid 
(Reagent   15);   a  permanent   cherry-red   colored   fluid  is 
obtained  when  a  solution  of  Narcein  in  diluted  sulfuric  acid 
(1.11  sp.  gr.)  is  concentrated  upon  the  water-bath. 

(3)  Narcein  colors  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  red,  which 
color  soon  fades  to  yellow;    diluted  nitric    acid  has  no 
(or  very  little)  effect  upon  it.     Compare  Morphin. 

(4)  Narcein  gives  a  brownish-green  changing  to   blue 
color    reaction   if   treated   with   molybdate  of   ammonia 
and  sulfuric  acid,  as  described  for  Morphin}   to   bismuth 
sub  nitrate  Narcein  gives  a  similar  reaction  as  morphin; 
the  black  color  soon  changing  however  to  a  lilac. 

(5)  Narcein  gives  a  yellow-green  mixture  if  triturated 
with  sugar  and  sulfuric  acid. 

(6)  Bromin-water  (Reagent  2)  gives  an  amorphous  pre- 
cipitate of  a  bright-yellow  color  in  the  watery  solution 
of  Narcein. 

(7)  Chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  dissolves  Narcein  color- 
less;   this  solution  becomes  red  colored  when  ammonia- 
water  (Reagent  1)  is  added  to  it. 


TESTS  FOR  N4RCOTIN,  NICOTIN.  93 


Test  for  Narcotin,  C22H 

Narcotin  crystallizes  in  white,  silky,  flexible  needles, 
usually  larger  than  the  crystals  of  morphin;  inodorous 
and  tasteless;  has  no  effect  on  red  litmus  paper  when 
strewn  upon  it  and  moistened  afterwards  with  alcohol 
or  water. 

(1)  A  red   color   appears   immediately   if   Narcotin  is 
strewn  upon  slightly  warmed  sulfuric  acid;   also  if  stirred 
with    a  glass  rod  moistened   with  a  trace  of  nitric  acid 
(Reagent  15). 

(2)  Narcotin    dissolves    in    nitric    acid    (Reagent    15) 
with  a  yellow  color,  changing  to  red  in  the  course  of  an 
hour. 

(3)  A  mixture  of  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  of  Narcotin,  0.010 
gm.    (J   gr.)    of   sugar,  and   2  drops  sulfuric   acid   (Re- 
agent 21)    triturated   together   colors   faintly   red;    this 
color  soon  disappears. 

(4)  Narcotin  colors   red  if  treated  with  bismuth  sub- 
nitrate,  as  described  under  Morphin. 

Test  for  Nicotin,  Ci0Hi4NO2. 

Nicotin,  the  alkaloid  of  tobacco,  is  a  colorless  or  nearly 
colorless,  oily  liquid,  having  a  strong,  disagreeable  odor, 
like  that  of  an  old  pipe,  and  an  exceedingly  acrid,  burning 
taste,  even  when  largely  diluted;  it  is  inflammable;  is 
entirely  volatilizable,  and,  in  the  state  of  vapor,  very  irri- 
tating to  the  nostrils;  is  very  soluble  in  water,  alcohol, 
ether,  the  fixed  oils,  and  oil  of  turpentine;  strongly  alkaline 
in  its  reaction  toward  litmus  and  phenolphthalein  paper. 

(1)  Fifteen  drops  of  Nicotin  dissolved  in  30  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.) 
of  water  remains  clear  when  warmed;    distinction  from 
coniin  solution. 

(2)  A  glass  rod  moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid  (Re- 


94  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

agent  5)  gives  off  white  clouds  when  brought  near  Nicotin 
or  near  a  watery  solution  of  it. 

(3)  Nicotin   does  not  form  crystals  if  treated  as  de- 
scribed for  Coniin  under  (2). 

(4)  Mercuric-cyanid  solution  (Reagent  11)  has  no  effect 
on  a  watery  Nicotin  solution;  difference  from  Codiin. 

(5)  Tannin  solution  (Reagent  24)  gives  an  amorphous 
precipitate  in  a  watery  solution  of  Nicotin. 

(6)  Perchlorid    of    platinum    forms    a    yellowish-white 
precipitate  in  a  watery  solution  of  Nicotin;    distinction 
from  Coniin. 

(7)  Nicotin  gives   with   nitric    acid    (Reagent    15)    an 
orange  color;  with  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  a  violet 
color. 

(8)  Nicotin    dissolved   in    ether    and    mixed    with    an 
ethereal  solution  of  iodin  yields  an  oily  resin  of  brownish 
color;  its  presence  may  be  detected  by  the  familiar  odor 
of  stale  tobacco. 


Test  for  Orexin  Hydrochlorid, 
C6H4  •  CH2N  •  CH  •  NC6H5  •  HC1  +  2H2O. 

Phenyldihydroquinazolin  Hydrochlorid. 

Orexin  Hydrochlorid,  a  derivative  of  quinolin,  is  a  white 
crystalline  powder;  odorless;  having  a  permanent  bitter 
and  burning  taste;  it  violently  irritates  the  nasal  mucus 
membrane  and  induces  sneezing;  soluble  in  water  at  15° 
C.;  much  less  so  in  hot  water;  the  watery  solutions  have 
an  acid  reaction  to  litmus  paper;  is  easily  soluble  in  alco- 
hol; less  so  in  chloroform;  nearly  insoluble  in  ether  and 
carbon  disulfid. 

(1)  Orexin  Hydrochlorid  is  soluble  without  color  in  hy- 
drochloric acid  (Reagent  5),  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15), 
sujfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  and  sulfuric  acid  containing 


TEST  FOR  PAPAVERM.  95 

chromic  acid  (Reagent  22) ;  it  colors  brown  if  warmed  with 
Reagent  21. 

(2)  A  brown  color  reaction  fading  to  green  takes  place 
when  a  mixture  of  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  Orexin  Hydrochlorid 
and  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2)  is  strewn 
upon  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);   the 
color  is  faintly  red-yellow  when  sodium  nitrate  (NaNOs) 
is  substituted  for  the  nitrite. 

(3)  A  strong  sickening  odor  of  carbylamin  is  developed 
when  equal  parts  of  Orexin  Hydrochlorid  and  zinc-dust  are 
heated  over  the  flame  in  a  glass  tube  (isonitril  reaction). 
Bleaching-powder  (CaOCl2)  solution  gives  a  blue  color  to 
the  filtered  liquid  when  the  residue  has  been  treated  with 
diluted  (1:1)  hydrochloric  acid  (anilin  reaction). 

(4)  Orexin  Hydrochlorid  leaves  no  residue  when  ignited 
on  platinum  foil. 


Test  for  Papaverin,  C2oH2iNO4. 

Papaverin,  an  alkaloid  of  opium,  is  a  crystalline  powder; 
tasteless;  easily  soluble  in  acetone,  alcohol,  and  chloroform; 
less  soluble  in  ether  and  carbon  disulfid;  almost  insoluble 
in  water  even  by  long  boiling ;  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Papaverin  colors  lilac  when  strewn  upon  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagent  21);  this  color  is  more  brown-red  if  a  par- 
ticle of  sodium  nitrate  (NaNO3)  or  nitric  acid  (Reagent 
15)  has  been  added  to  the  sulfuric  acid. 

(2)  Sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  gives  a  brown-black  color 
reaction,  afterwards  turning  red  when  a  mixture  of  equal 
parts  of  sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2)  and  Papaverin  are  strewn 
upon  it. 

(3)  Papaverin  colors  Reagent  22  brown  slowly. 

(4)  Papaverin  turns  dark  brown  to  bluish  black  when 
chlorin-water  (Reagent  3)  is  poured  over  it.     It  sinks  in 


g6  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

yellow-brown  streaks  to  the   bottom   when  it  is  strewn 
upon  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3) . 

(5)  Papaverin  gives  a  brown  color  reaction  if  treated 
with  bismuth  subnitrate,  as  described  under  article  Mor- 
phin;    molybdic,   titanic,   and   tungstic   acids  give  lilac- 
colored  reactions. 

(6)  0.010  gm.   (J  gr.)  Papaverin  dissolves  colorless  in 
1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  nitric  acid.  (Reagent  15);   this  solu- 
tion colors  yellow  in  course  of  time — sooner  by  warming. 

Test  for  Paracotoin,  Ci9Hi2O6. 

Paracotoin,  the  chief  active  principle  of  Paracoto  bark, 
is  a  faint  yellow  crystalline  powder  having  no  taste; 
very  soluble  in  chloroform;  less  soluble  in  ether,  alcohol, 
and  carbon  disulfid;  almost  insoluble  in  water. 

(1)  A  faintly  yellow  neutral  fluid  is  obtained  when  0.10 
gm.  (J  gr.)  of  Paracotoin  is  boiled  for  a  while  with  100  c.c. 
(3.38  f.  oz.)  of  water;   this  solution  is  hardly  bitter,  and 
ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  does  not  give  any  color 
to  it  (distinction  from  cotoin). 

(2)  Paracotoin  gives   a  greenish-brown  color  reaction 
with  sulfuric    acid    (Reagent   21),   which   darkens    when 
sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2)  has  been  added. 

(3)  Paracotoin  is  soluble  in  nitric   acid   (Reagent   15) 
with  a  permanent  bright-yellow  color. 

Test  for  Paraldehyd,  C6H12O3. 

Paraldehyd  is  a  colorless,  transparent  liquid,  having  a 
strong,  somewhat  ethereal,  but  not  unpleasant  or  pungent 
odor  and  a  burning  and  cooling  taste.  Soluble  in  8.5 
parts  of  water  at  15°  C.  and  in  16.5  parts  of  boiling  water; 
soluble  in  all  proportions  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
carbon  disulfid,  liquid  paraffin,  benzene,  and  fixed  or 


TEST  FOR  PELLET/ERIN   TANNATE.  97 

volatile  oils.  It  has  a  very  slight  acid  reaction  to  litmus 
paper.  When  cooled  to  nearly  0°  C.  it  solidifies  to  a  crys- 
talline mass,  which  becomes  liquid  again  at  10.5°  C.  It 
boils  at  123°-125°  C.,  giving  off  inflammable  vapors.  It 
is  converted  into  aldehyd  when  distilled  with  sulfuric 
acid,  to  be  recognized  by  its  irritating  odor  and  by  its 
property  of  reducing  silver  from  a  silver-nitrate  solution. 

(1)  A  mixture  of  1  c.c.  of  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21) 
and  5  drops  Paraldehyd  soon  becomes  brown  colored. 

(2)  A  greenish-yellow  color  reaction  soon  changing  to 
brown  and  black  takes  place  when  1  drop  of  Paraldehyd  is 
carefully  spread  out  on  a  porcelain  lid  and  a  few  drops 
of  sulfuric  acid    (Reagent  21)   added;    a  violent  action 
takes  place   when   larger   quantities   of   Paraldehyd   and 
sulfuric  acid  are  added  together;   the  mixture  chars. 

(3)  Caustic  soda  has  no  action  upon  Paraldehyd;    it 
remains. 

(4)  Paraldehyd  does  not  immediately  reduce  silver  from 
a  solution  of  silver  nitrate,  neither  in  the  cold  nor  by 
warming — only  after  a  while. 

Test  for  Pelletierin  Tannate. 

Pelletierin  tannate  is  an  amorphous,  pale,  yellowish- 
gray  powder  having  an  astringent  taste;  soluble  in  warm 
dilute  acids  and  in  alcohol;  hardly  soluble  in  water;  has 
a  famt  acid  reaction  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Lime-water  gives  a  greenish-blue  precipitate;  ferric- 
chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  gives  a  bluish-black  precipi- 
tate in  the  filtrate  of  a  mixture  of  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  of 
the  preparation  with  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  water. 

(2)  Red  litmus  paper  does  not  become  blue  when  it  is 
kept  near  the  surface  of  a  mixture  of  1  gm.  (15J  grs.)  of 
the  preparation  0.050  gm.  (f  gr.)  slaked  lime  and  10  c.c. 
(162  minims)  of  water. 


98  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

(3)  Chloroform  (or  ether)  leaves  on  evaporation  a  few 
colorless  drops  of  an  alkaline  reaction  when  agitated  with 
the  mixture  described  under   (2).     These  drops  have  a 
peculiar  odor  and  are  nearly  tasteless.     Pelletierin  is  a 
liquid  alkaloid  of  a  somewhat   aromatic    odor  obtained 
from  pomegranate  bark. 

(4)  The  alkaline  drops  (3)  give  white  clouds  from  a 
glass  rod  moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5). 

The  most  valuable  identity  reaction,  however,  is  its 
applicability  as  a  tsenicide  (against  tapeworm). 


Test  for  Phenacetin,  (C6H4(NH.CH3CO)O.C2H5. 

Para-acetphenitidin. 

Phenacetin  occurs  in  small  crystalline  scales  which  are 
colorless,  tasteless,  and  odorless;  soluble  in  alcohol,  1:16; 
in  ether,  0.5:100;  in  chloroform,  3.3:100;  much  less  in 
carbon  disulfid;  in  water  at  100°  C.,  1 :70,  at  20°  C.,  1 :2000. 
Ignited  on  platinum  foil  it  leaves  no  residue.  Shining 
crystals  form  when  the  warm  saturated  solution  of  Phenac- 
etin is  allowed  to  cool.  Its  watery  solution  does  not 
affect  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Phenacetin    dissolves    colorless    in    sulfuric     acid 
(Reagent  21)  even  when  warmed  with  it  on  the  water-bath 
and  a  trace  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  is  added. 
In  warm  sulfuric  acid  it  dissolves  often  with  a  blue  color; 
this  blue  color  may  be  due  to  an  impure  acid. 

(2)  Cold  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  dissolves  Phenacetin 
with  an  orange  color,  difference  from  acetanilid  and  anti- 
pyrin,  on  which  cold  nitric  acid  has  no  effect. 

(3)  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  Phenacetin  is  dissolved  in  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)   of  hydrochloric  acid   (Reagent  5)   only  by 
warming;    this  solution  becomes  turbid   on  addition  of 
8  c.c.  (130  minims)  of  water,  but  clears  up  again  on  warm- 


TEST  FOR  PHENACETIN.  99 

ing.  It  becomes  purple  colored  on  addition  of  1  drop  of 
potassium  dichromate  solution  (Reagent  17) ;  bright  red  on 
addition  of  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  of  ferric-chlorid  solution 
(Reagent  4), — this  color  soon  changes,  however,  to  a  dirty 
green. 

(4)  0.50  gm.  (8  grs.)  Phenacetin  dissolves  when  added 
to  2  gms.  (31  grs.)  chloral  hydrate  previously  melted  on 
the  water-bath  (100°);   and  the  solution  is  colorless  if  the 
Phenacetin   is  free  from  paraphenitidin;   it   is  intensely 
violet  colored  if  the   paraphenitidin  impurity  is  present. 
In  the  course  of  ten  hours  or  less  the  solution  becomes 
slightly  rose  colored. 

(5)  A  dark- violet  colored  solution  which  turns  green 
in  a  few  hours  is  obtained  if  0.030  gm.  (J  gr.)  Phenacetin 
is  triturated  with  an  equal  part  of  sodium  nitrate  (NaNO2) 
and  this  mixture  strewn  upon  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  sulfuric 
acid    (Reagent  21).     The  color  reaction  is  immediately 
green  when  sodium  nitrate  (NaNO3)  is  substituted  for  the 
nitrite;   the  green  color  soon  turns  brown. 

(6)  A  pleasant  fruit-like  odor  of  ethyl  acetate  is  liberated 
by  warming  from  a  mixture  of  0.50  gm.  (8  grs.)  Phenace- 
tin 1  c.c.   (16   minims)   alcohol   and   2   c.c.   (32  minims) 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21). 

(7)  The  offensive,  poisonous  odor  of  phenylisocyanid  is 
Liberated  when  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  Phenacetin  is  boiled  for 
a  while  with  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  a  10  per  cent  caustic- 
soda    solution,    the    fluid    allowed    to    cool,    0.020    gm. 
(J  gr.)  chloral  hydrate  added,  and  the  mixture  warmed 
again. 

(8)  A  brown-yellow  paste  of  crystalline  nitrophenacetin 
is  obtained  when  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  Phenacetin  is  triturated 
with  2  c.c.   (32  minims)  nitric  acid   (Reagent  15).     The 
crystals  dissolve  in  50  c.c.  (\\  f .  oz.)  of  water  at  100°  C., 
forming   a  yellow-red  solution,  and  bright-yellow  crystal 
needles  form  if  the  solution  is  allowed  to  cool;  they  dis- 


loo  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

solve  in  an  alcoholic  caustic-soda  solution  with  intense 
red  color. 

(9)  A  red-brown  colored  fluid  is  obtained  in  the  course 
of  half  an  hour  when  5  drops  of  ammonia-water  (Reagent 
1)  are  added  to  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  a  saturated  watery 
solution  of  Phenacetin  previously  diluted  with   an  equal 
volume  of  chlorin-water  (Reagent  3). 

(10)  A  solution  of  Phenacetin  in  hot  water  is  colored 
violet  and  red  by  chlorin-water     (Reagent  3). 


Test  for  Phenocoll  Hydrochloric!, 
/O-C2H5 

NH2  -  CH2  •  CO. 


Amidoacetparaphenitidin  Hydrochlorid.    Glycocollparaphen- 

itidin. 

Phenocoll  Hydrochlorid  is  a  white  crystalline  powder 
of  a  salty  with  a  sweet  after-taste,  possessing  an  aromatic 
odor;  soluble  1:16  in  water  at  normal  temperature,  in 
much  less  at  100°;  these  solutions  have  no  reaction  upon 
litmus  paper;  colorless,  short  prisms  form  in  the  hot 
saturated  watery  solution  when  allowed  to  cool;  very 
soluble  in  alcohol;  scarcely  soluble  in  ether,  chloroform, 
and  carbon  disulfid. 

(1)  Phenocoll  Hydrochlorid   chars  if  heated  to  about 
200°,  when  salicylic  acid  can  be  detected  in  the  residue 
by  its  action  with  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4). 

(2)  Potassium  ferrocyanid  solution  (Reagent  19)  gives 
a  pale-yellow  precipitate  soon  crystallizing  in  a  saturated 
aqueous  solution  of  Phenocoll  Hydrochlorid. 

(3)  Strewn  upon  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21)  Phenocoll 
Hydrochlorid   gives   a  pale-yellow   color   reaction  which 
becomes    darker    in    time;    addition    of    sodium    nitrate 
(NaNo3)  or  nitrite  (NaNo2)  changes  it  to  dark  red-brown. 


TEST  FOR  PICROTOXIN.  101 

(4)  With  nitric   acid   (Reagent   15)   PhenocoJl  Hydro- 
chlorid  gives  a  permanent  greenish-yellow  color  reaction; 
a  bright-red  clear  solution  is  obtained  if  0.50  gm.  (8  grs.) 
of  Phenocoll  Hydrochlorid  is  heated  to  boiling  with  1  c.c. 
(16  minims)  of  the  acid. 

(5)  Large  yellow  crystals  form  if  1  c.c.   (16  minims) 
of  the  saturated  watery  solution  of  Phenocoll   Hydro- 
chlorid is  diluted  with  9  c.c.  (146  minims)  of  water  and 
1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  picric-acid  solution    (Reagent  16) 
is  added. 


Test  for  Picrotoxin, 

Picrotoxin  is  a  bitter,  white,  crystalline,  odorless  sub- 
stance obtained  from  Cocculus  indicus;  soluble  in  water 
15°,  1:400,  the  solution  being  intensely  bitter,  with 
no  reaction  on  litmus  paper;  caustic  potash,  soda,  or 
ammonia  solutions  of  10  per  cent  dissolve  it  easier;  also 
soluble  in  glacial  acetic  acid  and  in  alcohol;  less  soluble 
in  ether  or  chloroform. 

(1)  Picrotoxin  dissolves  in  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
to  a  yellow-brown  fluorescent  fluid   (changing    to  red- 
brown  in  the  course  of  a  day),  in  which  water  does  not 
cause  turbidity  as  in  a  phosphoric-acid  solution. 

(2)  A  green-yellow  color   reaction   is   obtained   when 
equal  parts  of  Picrotoxin  and  caustic  soda  are  moistened 
with  a  drop  of  water;    the  green  color  changes  to  red- 
brown. 

(3)  A  bright-red  color  reaction  is  obtained  with  Picro- 
toxin as  follows  :  Add  1  drop  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
to  0.005  gm.   (^5-  gr.)  sodium  nitrate  (NaNO3);    spread 
out  on  a  porcelain  lid;    strew  a  mixture  of  0.050  gm. 
(f  gr.)   Picrotoxin  and  0.050  gm.  (f  gr.)  sodium  hydrate 
(NaHO)  in  the  midst  thereof;  stir  with  a  glass  rod  mois- 
tened with  alcohol  or  water. 

(4)  Picrotoxin  (0.020  gm.   (J  gr.)  )  reduces  in  half  an 


I6S  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

hour  in  the  cold — quicker  by  warming — a  diluted  cupric- 
tartrate  solution  (0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  to  2.5  c.c.  (40  minims) 

cold  water).    Reduces  also  an  ammoniacal  —  silver  solu- 
tion. 

(5)  A  mixture  of  equal  parts  sugar  and  Picrotoxin  is 
colored  red  by  the  addition  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21). 

Test  for  Pilocarpin,  CiiHi6N2O2. 

Pilocarpin  is  an  alkaloid  found  in  jaborandi;  the  official 
salt  is  the  hydrochlorate,  and  is  in  small,  white  crystals, 
odorless,  and  having  a  faintly  bitter  taste;  deliquescent 
on  exposure  to  damp  air;  very  soluble  in  water  and  in 
alcohol;  almost  insoluble  in  ether  or  chloroform.  The 
aqueous  solution  (1  in  100)  of  the  salt  is  neutral  or  has 
a  faintly  acid  reaction  upon  litmus  paper. 

(1)  A   characteristic    reaction,    had   in   common   with 
cocain,  is  that  Pilocarpin  reduces  calomel  to  Hg  (blackens 
it)  when  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  of  the  alkaloid  or  the  hydro- 
chlorate  and  1  gm.   (15J  grs.)  of  mercurous  chlorid  are 
triturated  together  and  moistened  by  the  breath. 

(2)  Another  reaction  is  the  behavior  of  the  precipitate 
obtained  from  Reagent  12  in  a  diluted  solution  of    the 
hydrochlorate;    the  amorphous  precipitate  sinks  to  the 
bottom,  in  the  course  of  a  day,  in  oily  drops. 

(3)  Reagent  7  gives  in  Pilocarpin  solutions  a  brown 
precipitate  that  often  crystallizes  to  feathery  brown  crys- 
tals of  serrated  form,  something  like  the  blade  of  a  scroll- 
saw. 

(4)  If  one  volume  of  Reagent  7  is  mixed  with  two 
volumes   of   Pilocarpin   solution    (1:50),   feathery   black 
crystals  are  formed  in  abundance. 

(5)  Mix  a  few  drops  of  Pilocarpin  solution  with  a  drop 
of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);    then  let  another  drop  of 


TESTS  FOR  PIPERAZIN,  PIPERIN.  103 

sulfuric  acid  fall  near  it.  Into  the  second  drop  put  a 
fragment  of  potassium  dichromate  (K^C^Oj),  let  it 
digest  a  moment  and  then  stir  the  drops  together,  when 
a  vivid  emerald-green  is  obtained. 


Test  for  Piperazin, 

Diethylendiamin.  Hexahydropyrazin* 
Piperazin  forms  a  crystalline  mass  of  colorless  pris- 
matic crystals;  of  a  faint,  peculiar  odor,  and  a  taste 
suggestive  of  saltpetre  and  ammonium  chlorid;  is  very 
hygroscopic,  and  attracts  carbonic  acid,  from  the  atmos- 
phere, whereby  it  liquefies  to  a  carbonate;  has  an  alka- 
line reaction  to  litmus  paper  and  phenolphthalein  ;  is 
easily  soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol;  less  soluble  in 
ether;  is  soluble  in  lime-water,  without  liberating  ammo- 
nia. The  watery  solution  decomposes  calomel. 

(1)  Hydrochloric    acid    (Reagent    5)    gives    off   dense 
white  clouds   when  a  glass   rod    moistened   with  a    10 
per  cent  Piperazin  solution  is  held  close  to  it. 

(2)  A  saturated  solution  of  picric  acid   (Reagent  16) 
gives   a  crystalline  precipitate  in  a  watery  solution  of 
(1:200)  Piperazin. 

(3)  Sulfur    is    liberated    from   carbon    disulfid    when 
Piperazin  is  triturated  therewith. 

Test  for  Piperin,  Ci7Hi9N03. 

Piperin  is  in  colorless  or  pale  yellowish,  shining,  pris- 
matic crystals;  odorless  and  almost  tasteless  when  first 
put  in  the  mouth,  but  on  prolonged  contact  producing 
a  sharp  and  biting  sensation;  permanent  in  the  air; 
almost  insoluble  in  water;  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether, 
chloroform,  acetone,  benzene,  and  carbon  disulfid;  very 
soluble  in  hot  acetic  acid,  giving  a  yellow-colored  fluid 


104  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

from  which  it  separates  into  drops  when  allowed  to  cool. 
The  alcoholic  solution  is  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Piperin  0.001  gm.  (^  gr.)  dissolves  in  5  drops  of 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  with  a  yellow  color,  changing 
immediately  to  a  red;    on  being  breathed  upon  it  fades 
to  a  greenish  yellow. 

(2)  Piperin  colors  yellow-red  when  strewn  upon  nitric 
acid  (Reagent  15);   the  acid  itself  colors  yellow. 

(3)  The  addition  of  a  trace  of  sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2) 
to  its  acetic-acid  solution  gives  a  red  color  reaction. 

(4)  Piperin  acts  with  bismuth  subnitrate  like  morphin, 
with    the  difference,  however,   that    the    black  color  is 
preceded  for  a  moment  by  a  yellow-red  color. 

Test  for  Pyridin,  C5H5N. 

Pyridin  is  a  colorless,  very  mobile  fluid,  permanent  in 
the  light;  of  a  strong,  persistent,  empyreumatic  odor, 
readily  detected  in  large  dilutions;  a  burning  aromatic, 
not  permanent,  bitter  taste;  is  highly  inflammable  and 
burns  with  a  sooty  flame;  dissolves  easily  in  water,  which 
solution  has  a  strongly  alkaline  reaction  to  litmus  paper; 
miscible  with  alcohol,  ether,  liquid  paraffin,  benzene,  chloro- 
form, and  fatty  oils. 

(1)  Hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  gives  white  clouds 
when  brought  near  to  a  solution  of  Pyridin. 

(2)  Pyridin   gives    a   brown   turbidity    in    iodin-water 
(Reagent  6)  which  soon  clears  up;   small  brown,  crystal- 
line needles  form  in  the  fluid,  by  which  the  latter  is  de- 
colorized. 

(3)  Reagent  7  solidifies,  upon  the  addition  of  Pyridin, 
to  a  crystalline  magma. 

(4)  Solution  of  tannin  (Reagent  24)  gives  a  heavy  pre- 
cipitate in  a  2  per  cent  watery  Pyridin  solution. 

(5)  Calomel  blackens  when  agitated  with  Pyridin. 


TEST  fOR  PYROGALLOL  105 

Test  for  Pyrogallol,  C6H3(OH)3. 

Pyrogallic  Acid. 

Pyrogallol  is  a  bulky,  white  crystalline  powder  (or  thin 
plates);  odorless  and  having  a  bitter  taste;  soluble  in 
water,  alcohol,  and  ether;  very  soluble  in  boiling  water 
and  in  boiling  alcohol;  very  little  soluble  in  chloroform, 
benzene,  or  carbon  disulfid.  The  watery  solution  has  an 
acid  reaction  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Soluble  in  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  with  a  canary- 
yellow  color,  which  soon  disappears. 

(2)  Soluble  in  nitric   acid    (Reagent   15)   with  violent 
action  and  an  olive-greenish-brown  color. 

(3)  A  freshly  prepared  solution  of  Pyrogallol  gives  a 
brown  or  black  precipitate  in  a  watery   copper  sulfate 
solution  (1: 14). 

(4)  A   clear   crystal   of   ferrous   sulfate   causes   in   the 
freshly  prepared,  colorless,  watery  solution  of  Pyrogallol 
(1: 10)  an  indigo-blue  color;  this  color  increases  in  a  short 
time,  oxygen  being  absorbed;  is  more  violet  when  a  trace 
of  sodium  acetate  or  calcium  carbonate  has  been  added 
to  the  mixture. 

(5)  The  solution  (3)  becomes  red  on  addition  of  ferric- 
chlorid   solution   (Reagent   4),   and   the  ferric   chlorid  is 
thereby  reduced  to  ferrous  chlorid. 

(6)  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  Pyrogallol  solution  and  1  c.c. 
(16  minims)  of  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  give  a  bright- 
yellow-colored  fluid,  soon  turning  brown. 

(7)  0.010  gm.    (J  gr.)   Pyrogallol  dissolves  in   10   c.c. 
(162  minims)  lime-water  (Reagent  10)  with  a  lilac  color; 
the  solution  soon  becomes  turbid  and  turns    brown  or 
black. 

(8)  Borax  tinges  Pyrogallol  solution  slowly  red ;  sodium 
acetate  colors  it  yellow  in  the  course  of  a  day. 


io6  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

(9)  A  solution  of  Pyrogallol  reduces  silver  immediately 

77 

when  a  —  silver-nitrate  solution  is  dropped  into  it. 


Test  for  Quinidin  Sulfate,  (C20H24N2O2)2SO4H2+2H2O. 

Quinidin  Sulfate  is  in  long,  white,  needle-like  crystals, 
odorless,  and  having  a  very  bitter  taste;  soluble  in  water, 
1:100,  at  15°;  easily  in  94  per  cent  alcohol,  and  in  chlo- 
roform; almost  insoluble  in  ether;  its  solution  is  neutral 
or  faintly  alkaline  to  litmus  paper,  and  when  treated  with 
sulfuric  acid  has  a  decided  blue  fluorescence. 

(1)  A  10   per   cent    potassium-iodid   solution  gives   a 
white  precipitate   in   the   watery   saturated    solution   of 
Quinidin  Sulfate  (difference  from  quinin  sulfate). 

(2)  Quinidin    Sulfate    gives    the    herapatriit     reaction 
when  treated    as    described   under   quinin   sulfate;    the 
crystals  are  more  red  than  from  quinin — not  green  or 
brownish  green. 

(3)  On  treating   10  c.c.    (162  minims)  of  an  aqueous 
solution  (1:1600)  of  Quinidin    Sulfate  with  2   drops   of 
bromin-water  (Reagent  2),  and  then  with  an  excess  of  am- 
monia-water   (Reagent    1)    the   liquid   will   acquire    an 
emerald-green  color. 

Test  for  Quinin  Sulfate,  (C2oH24N2O2)2SO4H2+7H2O. 

Neutral  Quininsulfate.     Diquininsulfate. 

Quinin  Sulfate  occurs  in  white,  silky,  light  and  fine, 
needle-shaped  crystals;  odorless,  and  having  a  persistent, 
very  bitter  taste;  melts  with  a  yellow  color  in  its  own 
water  of  crystallization  when  carefully  heated  in  a  glass 
tube  over  the  open  flame.  It  soon  becomes  red  colored, 
however;  a  carmine-red  solution  is  obtained  if  the  melted 
mass  is  allowed  to  cool  and  warmed  with  alcohol.  It 


TEST  FOR   QUININ  SULFATE.  107 

is  soluble  (1:800")  in  water  at  15°;  in  glycejol  and  in 
alcohol;  freely  soluble  in  dilute  acids;  the  aqueous  solution 
is  neutral  to  litmus  paper,  and  has,  especially  when  acidu- 
lated with  sulfuric  acid,  a  vivid,  blue  fluorescence. 

(1)  Quinin  Sulfate  dissolves  in  nitric  or  sulfuric  acid, 
even  when  warm,  either  colorless  or  only  with  a  very 
slightly  yellow  color.     (Difference  from  morphin.) 

(2)  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  the  cold,  saturated,  watery 
solution  of  Quinin  Sulfate  gives  the  thalleioquin  reaction 
by  mixing  with  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  chlorin-water  (Re- 
agent 3),  and  then  slowly  adding  a  few  drops  of  ammonia- 
water  (Reagent  1);  the  color  is  sea-green  in  this  instance. 

(3)  A  bluish-green  thalleioquin  reaction  is  obtained  from 
the  addition  of   1   c.c.    (16   minims)   of   ammonia-water 
(Reagent  1)  to  a  mixture  of  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  a  watery 
solution  of  Quinin  Sulfate,  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  alcohol  of 
94  per  cent,  and  1  drop  of  bromin-water  (Reagent  2),  the 
latter  to  be  taken  with  a  glass  rod.     No  reaction  is  ob- 
tained when  the  substances  are  not  mixed  in  the  order  named, 
that  is  to  say,  in  the  Quinin  solution,  alcohol  and  ammonia- 
water   are    mixed    first   and   the   drop   of    bromin-water 
added  afterwards.     15  to  20  drops  of  10  per  cent  diluted 
sulfuric  acid  changes  the  bluish-green  color  to  red. 

(4)  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  of  a  5  per  cent  potassium  ferro- 
cyanid  solution  produces  a  carmine-red  color  in   1   c.c. 
(16  minims)  of  the  watery  saturated  solution  of  the  Quinin 
Sulfate  to  which,  On  a  glass  rod,  1  drop  of  strong  bromin- 
water  (Reagent  2)  has  been  added. 

(5)  A  distinctive  characteristic  test  for  Quinin  is  the 
insolubility  in  cold  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  or  water, 
and  the  very  slight  solubility  in  boiling  alcohol  of  the 
microcrystalline  precipitate  of  herapathit  obtained  in  the 
following  reaction:    Dissolve  0.50  gm.  (8  grs.)  of  Quinin 
Sulfate   in  15  c.c.   (243   minims)  alcohol  of  0.83  sp.  gr. 
diluted  with  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  water,  and  acidulate  the 


io8  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

fluid  with  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  10  per  cent  sulfuric  acid; 
add  to  this  solution  a  solution  0.20  gm.  (3  grs.)  iodin  in 
10  c.c.  (162  minims)  alcohol  of  0.83  sp.  gr.;  warm  the 
mixture  slightly  and  allow  to  cool.  Hereby  forms  a 
crystalline  precipitate  of  dark-green  crystals  by  trans- 
mitted light,  and  shining  with  a  metallic  lustre  when 
observed  by  reflected  light. 

(6)  A  10  per  cent  potassium  iodid  (KI)  solution  does 
not  give  a  precipitate  in  the  cold,  saturated,  watery 
solution  of  Quinin  Sulfate  (difference  from  quinidin 
sulfate). 

Test  for  Quinolin,  C9H7N. 

Quinolin  is  a  colorless,  oily  liquid ,  turning  reddish  brown 
on  exposure  to  the  air;  having  an  aromatic  odor,  resembling 
that  of  oil  of  bitter  almonds;  when  heated  to  the  boiling- 
point  its  vapors  are  *  inflammable;  very  little  soluble  in 
water,  which  solution  has  a  pungent,  hot  taste,  suggestive 
of  oil  of  peppermint  and  has  no  reaction  on  litmus  paper; 
miscible  in  all  proportions  with  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloro- 
form; it  easily  dissolves  camphor  and  resin. 

(1)  Quinolin  partly  reduces  calomel — colors  it  gray. 

(2)  Reagents  2,  6,  7,  and   12  form  white    crystalline 
precipitates  in  a  watery  solution  of  Quinolin,  which  are 
colored  yellow  by  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5). 

Test  for  Resorcin,  C6H4(OH)2. 

Metadioxibenzol.     Resorcinol. 

Resorcin  is  prepared  by  fusing  sodium  benzene  disul- 
fonate  with  caustic  soda,  and  forms  colorless  prisms  or 
needles,  turning  yellow-brown  or  reddish  pink  when  ex- 
posed to  light  and  air;  has  an  odor  suggestive  of  a  benzoic 
salt  and  urine;  soluble  in  water,  which  solution  has  a 
disagreeable,  sweetish,  and  afterwards  pungent  taste; 


TEST  FOR  RESORCIN.  109 

also  easily  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  ether  or  glycerin; 
hardly  soluble  in  benzene,  chloroform,  or  carbon  disulfid; 
reddens  moist  blue  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Resorcin  dissolves  in  lime-water  (Reagent  10)  with 
a  faint  lilac  color,  which  changes  to  a  yellow-green.     It 
dissolves  in  a  caustic-soda  solution  with  a  lilac  color,  which 
turns  green  or  red   if  chloral  hydrate  or  chloroform  is 
added,  which  latter  color  brightens  by  warming  to  50°; 
it  fades  on  the  addition  of  acids\ 

(2)  When   dissolved    in   chlorin-water    (Reagent   3)    it 
colors  the  latter  brown — very  temporarily  lilac;   the  solu- 
tion turns  bright  red  when  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  is 
added. 

(3)  Resorcin  colors  bromin-water   (Reagent  2)   lilac — 
this  color  disappears  immediately;   the  solution  discolors, 
and  a  flocculent  precipitate  is  thrown  down. 

(4)  Resorcin  is  soluble  in  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  with 
a  red  color,  soon  turning  brown. 

(5)  Resorcin  is  soluble  in  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
with  a  yellow  color;    a  violet  color  reaction  is  obtained 
with  sulfuric  acid  when  a  trace  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15) 
has  previously  been  added  to  it.  A  trace  of  sodium  nitrate 
(NaNO3)  added  to  the  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  gives  a 
greenish  color  reaction,  turning  brown  and  violet.     Resor- 
cin gives  a  bright-blue    color   reaction   if   strewn    upon 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  in  which  sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2) 
has  been  dissolved. 

(6)  A  dark- violet  color  reaction  is  obtained  by  adding 
a  drop  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  to  a  watery 
solution  of  Resorcin. 

(7)  An  intense  carmine-red  fluid  is  obtained  by  warm- 
ing carefully  over  the  flame  a  mixture  of  0.050  gm.  (f  gr.) 
Resorcin  with   0.10   gm.   (1J  grs.)  tartaric  acid    and  10 
drops  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21);    the  mixture  becomes 
blue  when  oxalic  acid  is  substituted    for  the    tartaric; 


110  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

the  color  of  the  blue  compound  changes  to  an  orange- 
red,  which  fades  by  diluting  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims) 
of  water.  The  fluid  shows  dichroism  by  saturating  with 
strong  ammonia-water,  is  red  by  transparent,  green  by 
reflected,  light.  One  obtains  a  red  fluid  with  bluish- 
green  fluorescent  properties  if  citric  instead  of  oxalic 
or  tartaric  acid  has  been  used.  Succinic  acid,  taken  in- 
stead of  citric,  oxalic,  or  tartaric,  produces  a  green  fluores- 
cense. 

(8)  Resorcin  reduces  silver  from  a  ~  silver  solution 
made  alkaline  by  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1). 

\i 


Test  for  Saccharin,  C6H4<^C  >NH. 

\Ov-/2' 

Glusidum.     Benzoyl-sulphonicimide. 

Saccharin  is  a  sweet  imide  derivable  from  the  toluene 
of  coal-tar,  and  occurs  as  a  bulky,  white  powder  with 
slight  aromatic  odor  suggestive  of  oil  of  bitter  almonds, 
which  becomes  stronger  on  warming,  and  a  remarkably 
sweet  taste,  being  nearly  300  times  as  sweet  as  cane- 
sugar.  It  is  soluble  in  25  to  30  parts  of  boiling  water, 
from  which  solution  it  crystallizes  when  cold;  about 
1:300  part  of  the  Saccharin  remains  in  solution.  This 
saturated  solution  has  an  acid  reaction  to  blue  litmus 
paper;  it  is  soluble  in  alcohol;  less  soluble  in  ether;  much 
less  in  chloroform,  benzene,  and  carbon  disulfid;  is 
easily  soluble  in  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  and  in 
caustic-potash  and  soda  solutions,  from  which  it  is  pre- 
cipitated by  the  addition  of  acids. 

(1)  Saccharin   dissolves    colorless    in    nitric  or  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagents  15  and  21)  even  by  warming  on  the  water- 
bath. 

(2)  A  similar  fluorescent  reaction,  as  described  under  (7), 


TEST  FOR  SACCHARIN.  m 

article  Resorcin,  is  obtained   as  an  identity  reaction  of 
Saccharin  as  follows: 

0.005  gm.  (yVgr.)  Saccharin,  0.005  gm.  (-j^-gr.)  resorcin, 
and  3  drops  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  are  heated 
in  a  test-tube  over  the  flame  until  white  vapors  appear — 
color  reactions  from  yellow  to  red  and  afterwards  olive- 
green  are  seen;  cool,  dilute  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims) 
of  water;  the  fluid  now  has  dichroistic  properties;  is 
yellow  by  transmitted  light;  green  by  reflected  light, 
which  becomes  very  prominent  when  saturated  with 
10  per  cent  NaOH  solution,  so  that  it  is  pink  by  trans- 
mitted and  brilliant  green  by  reflected  light. 

(3)  1  c.c.   (16  minims)    of   a   freshly   prepared    5   per 
cent    potassium   ferricyanid    solution    added    to    10    c.c. 
(162  minims)   of  a  saturated  watery  Saccharin  solution 
and  boiled  gives  a  dark  grass-green-colored  fluid. 

(4)  A   mixture   of   0.10  gm.    (1^  grs.)   Saccharin   and 
0.50  gm.    (8  grs.)   calcium    carbonate   hea'ted  in  a  glass 
tube  gives  off  acid  vapors  and  an  odor  of  bitter  almond 
oil;    ammonia  is  liberated  if  slacked  lime  is  substituted 
for  the  calcium  carbonate. 

(5)  Phenol    is    produced    by    heating    Saccharin    with 
slaked   lime;    drops   of    phenol    appear   when  0.10  gm. 
(1^  grs.)  Saccharin  is  heated  with  0.50  gm.   (8  grs.)  of 
powdered  slaked  lime.      Transfer  these   drops   of  phenol 
with  a  glass  rod  into  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid, 
to  which  0.001  gm.  (-J^gr.)  of  potassium  chlorate  (C1O3K) 
has  been   previously  added;    add  1  c.c.   (16  minims)    of 
chloroform  and  shake  the  mixture;    the  under  layer  will 
have  a  green  color. 

(6)  On  fusing   Saccharin   with   caustic   soda    (NaHO), 
cooling,    dissolving    in    water,    faintly    acidulating    with 
hydrochloric  acid   (Reagent  5),  and  adding  ferric  chlorid 
(Fe2Cl6)  a  reddish-purple  color  is  obtained.. 


112  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

Test  for  Salicin,  C13H]8O7. 

Salicin  is  a  crystalline  glucoside  obtained  from  the 
willow  and  the  poplar.  It  is  in  colorless  or  white,  silky, 
shining  crystalline  needles  or  a  crystalline  powder,  odor- 
less, and  having  a  very  bitter  taste;  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  in  caustic-potash  and 
soda  solutions;  very  sparingly  soluble  in  ether;  insoluble 
in  chloroform  and  carbon  disulfid;  is  neutral  to  litmus 
paper. 

(1)  A  particle  of  Salicin  strewn  upon  a  few  drops  of 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  colors  blood-red  immediately  ; 
the  acid  remains  colorless;  slowly  the  Salicin  dissolves  in 
the  acid  and  colors  this  red. 

(2)  Salicin   is    soluble    in    an    alkaline    copper-tartrate 
solution    (Fehling's   fluid),  but  decomposes  it  in   a  few 
hours,  and  separates  red  cuprous  oxid  when  warmed  on 
the  water-bath;  this  decomposition  appears  immediately 
at  100°. 

(3)  A  few  particles  of  Salicin  strewn  upon  a  freshly 
prepared  mixture  of  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  ammonium  molyb- 
date  in  5  drops  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  become  purple- 
colored  immediately. 

(4)  The  aromatic  odor  of  salicylaldehyd  is  developed 
by  warming  0.050  gm.  (f  gr.)  Salicin,  dissolved  in  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)  of  potassium  dichromate  solution  (Reagent  17), 
with  5  drops  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21),  until  it  com- 
mences to  color  brown. 

Test  for  Salicylic  Acid,  C6H4(OH)COOH. 

Orthooxybenzoic  Acid. 

Salicylic  Acid  exists  naturally  in  combination  in  the 
oils  of  wintergreen  and  sweet  birch,  but  is  largely  prepared 
from  carbolic  acid.  It  is  in  light,  fine,  white,  prismatic 


TEST  FOR  SALICYLIC  ACID  "3 

needles,  or  in  a  light,  white,  crystalline  powder;  has  a 
very  slightly  acrid  and  acid  taste,  with  a  not  disagreeable 
sweet  after-taste;  odorless,  but  is  pungent  to  the  nasal 
membrane,  inducing  sneezing;  soluble  in  water,  1:450, 
alcohol,  ether,  acetone,  glycerin,  and  chloroform;  sparingly 
soluble  in  carbon  disulfid.  A  watery  solution  has  an  acid 
reaction  to  litmus  paper,  an  agreeable  taste,  and  becomes 
permanently  violet  colored  on  addition  of  1  drop  of  ferric- 
chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4).  The  Salicylic  Acid  in  its 
crystalline  state  also  colors  the  ferric-chlorid  solution. 
A  more  reddish  color  is  obtained  from  neutral  salicylates, 
which  color  changes  to  violet,  however,  on  acidulating  the 
fluid  with  dilute  hydrochloric  or  sulfuric  acid. 

(1)  Salicylic  Acid  dissolves  in  cold  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent 
21)  colorless  (if  slightly  colored,  impurities  are  present)  ; 
the  acid  becomes  brown  colored  when  boiled  with  it. 

(2)  Salicylic   Acid  dissolves  in  cold    nitric    acid    (Re- 
agent  15)   nearly  colorless;    with  a  red  color,  however, 
on  slightly   warming.     This   solution  turns  pale   yellow 
when  boiled;    yellow  needles  of  nitrosalicylic  acid  form 
in  it   by   cooling,  which   are   soluble  in   ammonia-water 
(Reagent  1)  with  a  red  color.    The  watery  solution  of 
nitrosalicylic  acid  is  colored  red  by  an  addition  of  ferric- 
chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4);  not  violet. 

(3)  The   watery  saturated    solution    of    Salicylic  Acid 
gives  a  heavy  precipitate  with   a  lead-subacetate  solu- 
tion;   not  with  a  neutral   10  per  cent  lead -acetate  solu- 
tion. 

(4)  The  agreeable  odor  of  wintergreen  oil  is  developed 
when  a  previously  prepared  mixture  of  25  c.c.  (405  minims) 
of  methyl  alcohol  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  sulfuric 
acid   (Reagent  21),  in  which  mixture  0.050  gm.   (f  gr.) 
Salicylic  Acid  is  afterwards  dissolved,  is  distilled.     The 
same  odor  is  developed  by  warming  a  salicylate  with  sul- 
furic acid  and  wood  spirit. 


114  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

(5)  Salicylic  Acid  in  milk  may  be  detected  by  pre- 
cipitating fat  and  proteids  with  mercuric  nitrate  and 
acetic  acid,  filtering,  and  agitating  the  filtrate  with  ether, 
which  dissolves  the  Salicylic  Acid.  After  separation  the 
ethereal  solution  is  evaporated  and  yields  the  acid  in 
crystals.  These  are  dissolved  in  alcohol  and  tested  by 
ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  which  gives  a  violet 
color;  or  else  they  are  heated  with  a  mixture  of  methyl 
alcohol  and  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  when  the  odor  of 
wintergreen  reveals  the  presence  of  Salicylic  Acid. 


Test  for  Salipyrin,  C3H(CH3)2N2(C6H5)O  +  C6H4 

Antipyrin  Salicylate. 

Salipyrin  is  a  colorless,  crystalline  powder,  without 
odor,  but  possessing  the  sweetish,  acrid  taste  of  salicylic 
acid;  soluble  (1:25)  in  water  at  100°,  1:200  at  15°; 
very  soluble  in  chloroform;  less  so  in  ether  and  in  alcohol; 
sparingly  soluble  in  carbon  disulfid.  The  solutions  have 
an  acid  reaction  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Crystalline  tufts  are  formed  and  sink  to  the  bottom 
if  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  picric-acid  solution  (Reagent  16) 
is  added  to  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  the  watery  Salipyrin 
solution. 

(2)  Salicylic  acid  is  liberated  in  crystals  when  0.20  gm. 
(3  grs.)  Salipyrin  is  dissolved  by  warming  in  2  c.c.  (32 
minims)  of  water  and  4  c.c.  (64  minims)  of  hydrochloric 
acid  (Reagent  5)  and  the  fluid  allowed  to  cool. 

(3)  Salipyrin  differs  from  antipyrin  and  from  salicylic 
acid  in  that  it  gives  a  dark,  fiery-red  fluid,  changing  to 
violet  and  blue  when  warmed  with'nitric.  acid  (Reagent  15); 
a  black,  greasy  matter  forms  thereby  in  the  fluid. 

(4)  A  bluish-green  fluid  fading  to  yellow  is  obtained 
when  10  drops  of  acetic  acid  are  mixed  with  10  c.c.  (162 


TEST  FOR  SALOL.  115 

minims)  of  a  saturated  watery  solution  of  Salipyrin,  to 
which  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2)  has 
previously  been  added. 

(5)  A  bluish-green  mixture  is  obtained,  which  colors 
red,    and    in   which    small    crystals    of    nitrosoantipyrin 
form,  when  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  Salipyrin,  0.10  gm.  (1£  grs.) 
sodium  nitrite  (NaN02),  and  0.20  gm.   (3  grs.)  mercuric 
chlorid  (HgCl2)  are  agitated  together  under  addition  of 
4  c.c.  (64  minims)  of  water. 

(6)  One  drop  of  ferric  chlorid  (Reagent  4)  added  to 
1    c.c.    (16    minims)   of   a  saturated   watery   solution  of 
Salipyrin,  diluted  with  9  c.c.  (146  minims)  of  water,  gives 
a  reddish-violet-colored  fluid. 


Test  for  Salol, 

Phenyl  Salicylate. 

Salol  is  prepared  by  heating  salicylic  acid  with  phenol, 
and  occurs  as  a  white,  crystalline  powder  of  an  agreeable, 
faint,  aromatic  odor,  suggestive  of  oil  of  wintergreen,  and 
a  sweet  taste;  it  feels  gritty  between  the  teeth;  is  soluble 
in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  benzene,  and  in  fixed  or 
volatile  oils;  nearly  insoluble  in  water  at  100°;  is  neutral 
to  litmus  paper  moistened  with  alcohol. 

(1)  0.005  gm.  (^  gr.)  Salol  dissolves  with  a  yellow 
color  in  5  drops  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  on  warming; 
the  color  increases  in  intensity  to  a  pale  red  when  heated 
nearly  to  the  boiling-point.  One  drop  of  ferric-chlorid 
solution  (Reagent  4)  colors  this  solution  violet,  after  it 
has  been  diluted  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  water;  an 
agreeable  odor  develops  when  this  watery  dilution  is 
boiled.  But  if  1  drop  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent 
4)  is  added  to  the  solution  of  0.05  gm.  (J  gr.)  Salol  in 
1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  the  acid,  a  dirty  green  fluid,  which 
soon  becomes  turbid,  is  obtained. 


n6  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

(2)  Salol  dissolves  in  Reagent  22  with  a  yellow  color 
reaction. 

(3)  In  its  crystalline  state  Salol  does  not  act  upon  ferric- 
chlorid   solution    (Reagent   4).     0.050  gm.    (}  gr.)    Salol 
triturated  with  a  glass  rod,  moistened  at  the  point  with  a 
trace  of   ferric-chlorid    solution   (Reagent  4),   shows    no 
reaction,  not  even  after  the  addition  of  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims) 
of    water.     The    mixture    colors    violet,    however,    when 
5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  alcohol  is  added.     1  drop  of  ferric- 
chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  increases  the  color. 

(4)  A  bright  greenish-blue  solution  is  obtained  when 
1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  is  added 
to  a  mixture  of  0.050  gm.   (}  gr.)  Salol  and  0.080  gm. 
(1J  grs.)  sodium  nitrate   (NaNO3).     The  mixture  is  red 
at  first,  changing  to  brown,  and  then  to  a  bluish  rather 
than  a  green  color,  when  sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2)  is  sub- 
stituted for  the  nitrate. 


Test  for  Salophen, 


Acetylparaamidophenol.  Acetylparaamidophenol  Salicylic- 

ester. 

Salophen  is  a  derivative  of  salol,  and  occurs  as  a  white 
or  faint  yellowish  crystalline  powder;  odorless  and  taste- 
less; having  a  neutral  reaction  to  litmus  paper;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water;  freely  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloro- 
form, and  in  aqueous  alkaline  solutions;  insoluble  in 
carbon  disulfid;  when  heated  evolving  vapors  of  a  sweetish 
aromatic  odor  and  of  an  acid  reaction. 

(1)  A  mixture  of  0.10  gm.  (1^  grs.)  of  Salophen,  0.10  gm. 
(1J  grs.)  of  chloral  hydrate,  and  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  a 
10  per  cent  caustic-soda  solution  becomes  of  a  blue  or 
greenish-blue  color,  gradually  turning  brown  or  black; 
the  same  reaction  will  be  obtained  by  using  1  c.c.  (16 


TEST  FOR  SALOPHEN.  ti? 

minims)  of  chloroform  instead  of  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  of  chloral 
hydrate;  and  a  somewhat  similar  color  reaction  is  obtained 
in  a  mixture  of  Salophen,  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  and 
sodium  nitrite  (NaNO2). 

(2)  If  Salophen  is  boiled  with  water  and  some  alcoholic 
potassa  solution,  a  distinct  odor  of  oil  of  wintergreen  is 
developed  on  acidifying  it  with  hydrochloric  acid  (Rea- 
gent 5). 

(3)  Very   dilute  ferric-chlorid    solution   added   to   an 
alcoholic  solution  of  Salophen  develops  a  violet  coloration, 
rapidly  changing  to  brown-yellow. 

(4)  If  a  solution  of  Salophen  in  dilute  sodium-hydrate 
solution  is  boiled  and  allowed  to  cool,  it  soon  becomes 
blue,  beginning  on  the  surface.    This  color  is  discharged 
on  renewed   boiling,   and   reappears   on   cooling.     When 
this   solution   is   supersaturated   with   hydrochloric   acid 
(Reagent  5)  and  shaken  out  with  ether,  a  residue  is  ob- 
tained   on   evaporating    the   ether,    which,    dissolved    in 
alcohol,  gives  a  violet  color    with  ferric-chlorid  solution 
(Reagent  4).     On  adding  to  the  liquid  that  has  been 
shaken  out  with  ether  a  little  3  per  cent  aqueous  solu- 
tion of  carbolic  acid  and  some  filtered   solution  of  chlor- 
inated lime,  the  liquid  becomes    red,  and  on  supersatu- 
ration  with  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  dirty  blue. 

(5)  If  0.10  gm.    (1J  grs.)   Salophen  is  boiled  for  one 
minute  with  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  solution  of  sodium  hydroxid 
(1 :2),  then  allowed  to  cool,  and  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  solu- 
tion of  chlorinated  soda  added,  a  deep   and   bright-green 
color    is    immediately   produced;     after   some   time   this 
changes  to  a  deep  mahogany-brown.    This  change  to  a 
brown  color  takes  place  slowly  in  the  cold,  but  more  rapidly 
if  the  solution  is  boiled.     On  supersaturating  the  solution 
either  when  green  or  when  brown  with  a  concentrated  min- 
eral acid,  the  color  changes  to  a  bright  scarlet,  and  then 
slowly  fades  to  a  red-orange  or  mandarin  color. 


n8  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

Test  for  Santonin,  Ci5H1803. 

Santonin  is  the  active  principle  of  wormseed;  it  is  in 
shining,  flattened,  prismatic  crystals;  white  when  fresh  and 
pale  yellow  when  old;  odorless,  and  nearly  tasteless  when 
first  put  in  the  mouth,  but  afterwards  developing  a  bitter 
taste;  nearly  insoluble  in  water;  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether, 
chloroform,  acetic  acid,  olive-oil  by  warming,  and  in  solu- 
tions of  caustic  alkalies;  it  has  no  reaction  upon  litmus 
paper.  It  affects  the  eyesight  when  taken  internally  in 
large  doses  (0.20  gm.,  3  grs.),  causing  so-called  xanthopsia, 
when  all  white  objects  appear  yellow  and  blue  objects 
green. 

(1)  0.005  gm.   (T\  gr.)   Santonin   agitated   with  5  c.c. 
(81  minims)  of  a  10  per  cent  alcoholic  solution  of  caustic 
potash   or   soda   gives  a  bright  carmine-red-colored  fluid, 
which  fades  slowly. 

(2)  Santonin  added  to  sulfuric    acid  (Reagent  21)  and 
a  few  drops  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  and  heated 
gives  a  red   color  changing  to  brown.     (This  will  detect 
Santonin  in  the  urine.) 

(3)  0.010   gm.    (J   gr.)    Santonin    evaporated    on    the 
water-bath  with  1  c.c.   (16  minims)  of  dilute  phosphoric 
acid  of  1.154   sp.  gr.  gives  a  bright-purplish-red  color. 

(4)  Another  characteristic  purple-red  color  reaction  of 
Santonin  is  obtained  when  a  mixture  of  1  gm.  (15i  grs.) 
of  slaked  lime  and  1  gm.  (15J  grs.)  of  sodium  carbonate 
is  moistened  with  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  alcohol  of  94  per 
cent,  and  0.005  gm.  (T\  gr.)  Santonin  stirred  in;  the  mix- 
ture has  to  be  slightly  warmed  for  this  reaction;  the  color 
is  not  permanent. 


TEST  FOR  ZOZO-IODOL  SODIUM.  119 

Test  for  Sozo-iodol  Sodium,  C6H2(OH)I2.S03Na+2H2O. 

Diiodoparaphenolsulfonic  Sodium. 

Sozo-iodol  Sodium  forms  colorless  and  nearly  odorless 
fine  needle-like  crystals  of  a  salty  taste,  suggestive  of 
potassium  iodid  and  with  a  decidedly  sweetish  after- 
taste; is  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  glycerin,  and  chloro- 
form; hardly  at  all  in  ether  or  carbon  disulfid;  has  an 
acid  reaction  on  litmus  paper. 

(1)  A  few  drops  of   bromin-water  (Reagent  2),  or  of 
chlorin-water   (Reagent  3),  and   1  drop   of  ferric-chlorid 
solution  (Reagent  4)  added    to  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  a 
watery  solution  (1:100)  of   Sozo-iodol  Sodium,  to  which 
previously  1  drop  of  a  freshly  prepared  gelatinized  starch 
solution  has   been    added,  gives   immediately  the  iodin 
reaction  on  starch. 

(2)  A  small  drop  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4) 
gives  in  50  c.c.  (1J  f.  oz.)  of  a  watery  solution  (1:100) 
of  Sozo-iodol  Sodium  a  strong  violet  color  reaction. 

(3)  The  watery  solution  (1:100)  soon  becomes  brown 
from  liberated  iodin,  if  mixed  with  equal  parts  of  nitric 
acid  (Reagent  15). 

Test  for  Spartein  Sulfate,  (C15H26N2)S04H2+3H20. 

Spartein  Sulfate  is  the  salt  of  a  poisonous  oily  liquid 
alkaloid  obtained  from  broom,  and  is  described  as  a 
white,  crystalline  powder,  odorless,  and  having  a  slightly 
saline  and  bitter  taste;  easily  soluble  in  water  and  in 
alcohol,  and  neutral  to  litmus  paper;  it  dilates  the  pupil. 

(1)  A  crystal  of  Spartein  Sulfate,  dropped  into  a  drop 
of  solution  of  ammonium  sulfhydrate  (NH^HS)  causes 
immediately  an  orange-red  color  reaction,  that  fades 
somewhat,  but  reappears  permanently  when  the  mixture 
is  spontaneously  evaporated  to  dryness. 


120  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

(2)  lodin-water  (Reagent  6)  causes  a  turbidity  in  1  c.c 
(16    minims)    of    Spartein    Sulfate    solution    (45:1000)* 
turning  into  black  crystals. 

(3)  Spartein  is  liberated  as  a  colorless  oily  liquid  alka- 
loid, lighter  than  water,  with  an  odor  faintly  suggestive 
of  pyridin,  when  10  drops  of   10  per   cent  caustic-soda 
solution  are  agitated  with  0.050  gm.  (8  grs.)  of  Spartein 
Sulfate.     It  is  so  little  volatile  at  the  ordinary  tempera- 
ture, that  red  litmus  paper  remains  unaffected  when  a 
piece  is  suspended  over  it  in  the  test-tube  in  this  test; 
it  turns  blue,  however,  when  the  test-tube  is    slightly 
warmed. 


Test  for  Strychnin, 

Strychnin  is  in  colorless,  transparent,  prismatic  crystals, 
but  is  usually  obtained  as  a  white  amorphous  powder; 
odorless,  and  having  an  intensely  bitter  taste  perceptible 
even  in  highly  diluted  (1:700000)  solution;  soluble  in 
water  (1:6700),  in  alcohol  (1:110),  in  chloroform  (1:16), 
in  benzene  (1:170),  in  glycerol  (1:300),  in  ether  (1:1250); 
it  is  also  easily  soluble  in  warm  turpentine;  it  has  an 
alkaline  reaction  upon  litmus  paper. 

(1)  On  dissolving  0.02  gm.  (J  gr.)  Strychnin  in  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15),  the  acid  should 
not  turn  more  than  faintly  yellow  (limit  of  brucine). 

(2)  Neither  sulfuric  (Reagent  21)  nor  hydrochloric  acid 
(Reagent  5)  gives  a  color  reaction  in  the  cold;  a  yellow 
or  yellow-brown  color  is  only  to  be  noticed  on  warming. 

(3)  A  bright  blue-violet  color  reaction,   changing  to 
red,  is  obtained  when  Strychnin  is  dissolved  in  sulfuric 
acid   (Reagent  21),  or   in  concentrated  phosphoric  acid 
(sp.   gr.   1.7),  and  oxidizing  agents  are  added,  such  as 
potassium    permanganate,    chromic    or    hydriodic    acid, 
potassium  dichromate,  potassium  ferricyanid,  peroxid  of 
lead  and  of  manganese,  or  cerous  hydroxid. 


TEST  FOR  STRYCHNIN.  121 

To  succeed  with  this  reaction  dissolve  a  small  particle 
of  Strychnin,  or  of  one  of  its  salts,  in  1  or  2  drops  of 
sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  or  of  concentrated  phosphoric 
acid  on  a  porcelain  lid;  throw  a  few  small  particles  of 
any  of  the  above-named  oxidizing  agents  upon  the  acid, 
and  move  the  lid  slowly  to  and  fro;  or  throw  a  particle 
of  Strychnin  upon  a  few  drops  of  sulfuric  acid  contain- 
ing chromic  acid  (Reagent  22). 

All  the  oxidizing  agents  named  are,  of  course,  not 
equally  sensitive,  and  the  most  successful  color  reactions 
are  obtained  with  dilute  solutions  or  with  fractions  of 
a  milligram.  Potassium  permanganate  is  the  most  sen- 
sitive reagent.  The  color  reaction  of  potassium  per- 
manganate with  sulfuric  acid  alone  cannot  be  mistaken 
for  a  Strychnin  reaction;  the  blue- violet  streaks  of  a 
Strychnin  color  reaction  being  very  characteristic.  It 
is  preferable  to  employ  sulfuric  acid  containing  potassium 
permanganate  (Reagent  23),  and  not  potassium  per- 
manganate in  substance.  Cerous  hydroxid  has  a  great 
advantage  over  potassium  permanganate  and  over  potas- 
sium dichromate  in  that  it  is  white.  ^  Dissolve  cerium 
oxalate  in  10  per  cent  dilute  sulfuric  acid,  precipi- 
tating with  ammonia  of  30  per  cent,  filtering  and 
washing.  The  moist  cerous  hydroxid  gives  a  beautiful 
color  reaction  in  1 : 100,000  of  Strychnin,  changing  to  rose- 
pink. 

No  Strychnin  reaction  appears  with  sulfuric  acid  con- 
taining chromic  acid  (Reagent  22)  when  brucin  and 
Strychnin,  mixed  in  equal  parts,  are  submitted  to  the 
test;  it  succeeds,  however,  in  this  proportion  with 
eulfuric  acid  containing  potassium  permanganate  (Re- 
agent 23).  Morphin  obscures  the  reaction  as  follows: 
A  solution  of  0.00001  gm.  (^TF  SrO  Strychnin,  evapo- 
rated with  a  solution  of  0.001  gm.  (-fa  gr.)  morphin  sulfate 
on  a  water-bath,  yields  a  blurred,  Strychnin  reaction, 


122  .  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

when  the  residue  is  dissolved  in  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
and  a  crystal  potassium  permanganate  added. 

(4)  Evaporate  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  fluid  extract 
nux  vomica  to  dry  ness;  add  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  water  to 
the  residue;  stir  with  a  glass  rod;  filter;  dilute  filtrate 
with  an  equal  proportion  of  water;  divide  a  few  drops 
over  a  large  surface  on  porcelain  lids;  evaporate  to  dry- 
ness,  and  add  to  one  residue  with  a  glass  rod  1  drop 
of  sulfuric  acid  containing  chromic  acid  (Reagent  22), 
to  another  1  drop  sulfuric  acid  containing  potassium  per- 
manganate (Reagent  23).  A  blue- violet  reaction,  imme- 
diately disappearing,  takes  place. 

Test  for  Sugar  in  Urine. 

(1)  Acidulate  the  urine  with    acetic   acid,  boil,   and 
filter  out  any  albumin  if  necessary.     Then  mix  the  filtrate 
with  equal  parts  of  liquor  potassae  and  heat  to  boiling, 
when  ordinary  urine  will  turn  brownish  red,  but  saccha- 
rine urine' will  become  dark  brown  or  black.     (Moore's 
test.) 

(2)  Dissolve  2.5*gm.  (38|  grs.)  of  pure  bismuth  oxyni- 
trate  (free  especially  from  silver)  and  4  gms.  (61 J  grs.) 
of  Rochelle  salt  in  100  gms.   (1543  grs.)  of  8  per  cent 
solution  of  sodium  hydrate,  and  preserve    for  use.    To 
use  this  reagent  1  c.c.  (16  minims)   of   urine  is  added 
to  10  c.c.  (162  minims),  and  the  whole  boiled  gently  for 
some  time,  when,  if  even  only  traces  of  sugar  be  present, 
the  mixture  becomes  black.     (Boettger's  test.) 

(3)  Render  the  urine  alkaline  with  potassium  hydrate 
and  filter    to  remove  any  phosphates,  etc.,  which  may 
precipitate.     To  the  filtrate  add  5  or   10  drops  of  solu- 
tion of   sulfate  of   copper;   pour   in  solution  of  potash 
or  soda  until  the  precipitate  first  formed  is  re-dissolved; 
slowly  heat  the    solution   to   near  the  boiling-point;    a 


TEST  FOR  SULFONAL.  123 

yellow,  yellowish-red,  or  red  precipitate  (cuprous  oxide) 
is  formed  if  sugar  be  present. 

(4)  Place  in  a  test-tube  30  minims  of  water  with  an 
indigo  and  a  sodium-carbonate   paper.     Heat  the  test- 
tube  gently  until  the   indigo  is  dissolved.      (The  solu- 
tion should  be  only  a  pale-blue  color.      A  portion  of 
one  of  the  indigo  papers  may  suffice,  but  the  whole  of 
the  soda  paper  should  be  used.)     Add  to  the  blue  solu- 
tion from   a  pipette  1  drop  of  the  urine  to  be  tested 
and    keep    the  fluid    at    a  boiling-point,  without,  how- 
ever, permitting  active  ebullition,  for  sixty  seconds.     If 
no  change  is  produced,  add  a  second  drop  of  the  urine,  and 
heat  once   more.     If  any  notable  quantity  of  sugar  is 
present  the  fluid  will  be  observed  to  change  from  pure 
blue  to  violet,  then  to  purple  and  red;   with  only  a  trace 
of  sugar  the  color  will  merely  change  to  one  of  the  inter- 
mediate shades.     (Mulder's  test.) 

(5)  Mix  in  a  test-tube  equal  volumes  of  No.  1  and  No.  2 
Fehling's  solution,  dilute  with  an  equal  quantity  of  water, 
and  boil.     No  precipitate  should  be  noticed.     Now  add 
to  this  mixture  half  its  volume  of  urine  and  again  boil. 
The  presence  of  glucose  will  be  indicated  by  an  orange 
or  red-colored  precipitate.     Fehling's  solution  is  made 
as  follows:  In  one  bottle  keep  the  following,  No.  1:  pure 
copper   sulfate    17.32   gms.    (267    grs.);    distilled  water 
250  c.c.  (8J  f.  oz.).     In  another  bottle,  No.  2:     Rochelle 
salt  87.00  gms.  (3  oz.  and  30  grs.);     caustic  soda  25.00 
gms.  (386  grs.);  distilled  water  250  c.c.  (8J  f.  oz.) 

• 
Test  for  Sulfonal,  (CH3)2C(SO2.C2H5)2. 

Dimethylmethandiethylsulfon.  Disulfonethyldimethylmethan. 
Diethylsulfondimethylmethan. 

Sulfonal  is  a  colorless  crystalline  powder;  inodorous  and 
nearly  tasteless;   soluble  in  water  (1:500),  in  alcohol,  in 


124  •  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

ether,  in  chloroform,  and  in  carbon  disulfid;    neutral  to 
litmus  paper. 

(1)  An  odor  suggestive  of  garlic  (mercaptan)  and  like- 
wise acid   vapors   are   liberated  when  0.050  gm.   (f  gr.) 
Sulfonal  is  heated,  very  nearly  to  charring,  in  a  glass 
tube  with  1  gm.  (15J  grs.)  of  water-free  sodium  acetate, 
proving  the  presence  of  sulfur.     A  farther  reaction  on 
sulfur  in  Sulfonal  is  to  cover  the  test-tube  in  which  the 
latter  has  been  melted  with  dry  sodium  acetate,  with 
a  piece  of  filter-paper,  previously  moistened  with  a  solu- 
tion of   0.10  gm.  (J  gr.)  nitroprussid  sodium   in  10  c.c. 
(162  minims)  of  10  per  cent  ammonia;  this  paper  becomes 
red,  violet,  and  blue,  the  colors  soon  fading.     Or  substi- 
tute a  piece  of  filter-paper  moistened  with  a  10  per  cent 
lead-acetate  solution,  for  the  nitroprussid  sodium  paper, 
which  will  become  black.     Or  melt  0.10  gm.  (J  gr.)  Sul- 
fonal with  0.20  gm.  (J  gr.)  of  potassium  cyanid  in  a  test- 
tube,   notice  the  odor  suggestive    of  garlic    (mercaptan 
odor);    cool;    dissolve  the  slack  in  a  few  centimeters  of 
water;  acidulate  with  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  and 
add  a  drop  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4);    this 
gives  a  blood-red  color  reaction  (sulfocyanate  of  iron). 

(2)  Mixed  with  powdered   charcoal   and  heated   in   a 
test-tube,  Sulfonal  is  reduced  and  breaks  up  into  mer- 
captan  (detected    by  garlicky  odor),  formic    and  acetic 
acids  (the  vapor  reddens  litmus  paper),  and  sulfur  dioxid 
(which  bleaches  paper  wet  with  blue-starch  iodid). 

Test  for  ferpin  Hydrate,  Ci0Hi8(OH)2+H2O. 

Terpin  Hydrate  occurs  in  large  colorless  crystals,  with 
a  very  slight  aromatic  odor  suggestive  of  pine  leaves, 
and  a  faintly  bitter  taste;  is  easily  soluble  in  warm  glacial 
acetic  acid;  in  alcohol  of  0.825  sp.  gr.;  sparingly  solu- 
ble in  ether,  chloroform,  and  carbon  disulfid;  in  water 


TEST  FOR   THALLIN  SULFATE.  125 

1:250.    Its  watery   solution   does  not   act   upon  litmus 
paper. 

(1)  Terpin  Hydrate  gives  a  red-yellow  color  reaction 
when  strewn  upon  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  thereby 
developing  an  agreeable  aromatic  odor. 

(2)  Nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  does  not  act  upon  Terpin 
Hydrate  in  the  cold,  but  a  violent  action  takes  place  by 
warming  Terpin  Hydrate  with  it. 

(3)  A   rose-red    color   reaction   is  given   when  Terpin 
Hydrate  is  evaporated  in  an  open  dish  on  the  water-bath 
with  a  10  per  cent  sulfuric  acid. 

(4)  Terpin  Hydrate  gives  a  yellow  color  reaction,  chang- 
ing  to   brown    and    black-brown   when    strewn   upon   a 
freshly  made  mixture   of  0.020  gm.    (J  gr.)   ammonium 
molybdate    and    5   drops    sulfuric    acid    (Reagent    21), 
spread  out  in  a  thin  layer.     A  red  to  brown  color  reac- 
tion takes  place  if  bismuth  subnitrate  is  substituted  for 
the    ammonium    molybdate.      Titanic   acid  gives  yellow 
to  gold-colored   tinges  if  taken  instead,  and  ammonium 
tungstate  gives  yellow,  brown,  gray,  or  lilac  colors. 

(5)  A   yellow   color    is    obtained   when   a   mixture  of 
0.005  gm.  (TV  gr.)  Terpin  Hydrate  and  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.) 
sugar    are    triturated   with    3    drops    of    sulfuric    acid 
(Reagent  21);  this  color  fades  by  and  by  to  a  rose  hue. 


Test  for  Thallin  Sulfate, 

Sulfate  of  Oxiquinolintetrahydromethylether.     Sulfate  of  Tet- 
rahydroparaquin  methylphenate. 

Thallin  Sulfate  is  the  salt  of  an  artificial  alkaloid  of 
the  quinolin  series,  and  is  a  somewhat  yellowish  or  brown- 
ish, not  strictly  white,  crystalline  powder  with  an  agree- 
able odor  suggestive  of  Tonka  bean;  is  soluble  in  1:7 
parts  of  water,  with  a  bitter,  salty  taste  and  an  acid 


126  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

reaction  to  litmus  paper;    also  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in 
warm  chloroform. 

(1)  Thallin    Sulfate  colors    chlorin-water  (Reagent   3) 
green  if  strewn  upon  it;    green  flocks  soon  sink  to  the 
bottom;  the  mixture  turns  violet.    The  same  green  color- 
ing   takes   place  with    bromin-water    (Reagent   2);    the 
precipitate  is  brown  colored,  however,  redissolving  with  a 
green  color  on  addition  of  more  of  the  Thallin  Sulfate. 

(2)  1  c.c.  (16  minims)   of  ferric-chlorid   solution    (Re- 
agent 4)  gives  a  green  color,  in  the  course  of  an  hour, 
in  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  of  a  1  per  cent  solution  of  Thal- 
lin sulfate  diluted  with  500  c.c.  (17  f.  oz.)  of  water.    The 
color  appears  sooner  and  more  brightly  when  more  Thal- 
lin Sulfate  and  less  water  is  taken.    The  green  fluid  fades 
to  a  red  and  a  yellow-brown  color.     A  1  per  cent  watery 
solution  of  Thallin  Sulfate  becomes  by  itself,  without  any 
addition,  greenish-brown  colored  when  exposed  to  light 
and  air. 

(3)  A  brown  filtrate  is  obtained  which  colors  the  filter- 
paper  reddish  when  0.005  gm.  (^  gr.)  of  Thallin  Sulfate 
is  agitated  with  0.005  gm.  (T^-  gr.)  of  a  good  commercial 
peroxid  of  manganese  and  3  c.c.   (49  minims)  of  water. 
The  solution  turns  to  a  bright  green  when  a  few  drops 
of  acetic  acid  are  added,  which  color  changes  to  brown 
and  red;    the  red  fluid  is  fluorescent. 

(4)  Thallin  Sulfate  dissolves  colorless  in  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent  21),  but  a  permanent  red  color  reaction  sets 
in  if  a  trace  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  is  mixed  with 
the  sulfuric  acid. 

(5)  Thallin  salts  cause  dark  coloration  of  urine  when 
given  by  the  stomach  or  subcutaneously. 

(6)  A  green  fluid  changing  to  red  is  obtained  if  0.005 
gm.  (-^-  gr.)   of  Thallin  Sulfate  are  dissolved  in  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)  of  water  with  0.050  gm.  (f  gr.)  of  potassium 
iodate  (KJ03)  or  of  potassium  ferricyanid,  K3Fe(CN)6. 


TESTS  FOR   THEBAIN,    THEOBROMIN.  127 

Test  for  Thebain,  Ci7H15NO(OCH3)2. 

Thebain  is  a  poisonous  alkaloid  found  in  opium;  it  is  a 
white,  crystalline  powder  of  an  acrid  and  styptic  rather 
than  bitter  taste;  is  scarcely  soluble  in  water;  easily 
soluble  in  alcohol,  chloroform,  and  carbon  disulfid;  less 
soluble  in  ether;  has  a  faint  alkaline  reaction  when  laid 
upon  red  litmus  paper  moistened  with  water;  this  reac- 
tion is  sharper  and  appears  sooner  if  the  alkaloid  is 
moistened  with  alcohol. 

(1)  Thebain    colors    chlorin-water     (Reagent    3)     red 
when  it  is   moistened  with  a  small  quantity  of  the  re- 
agent;   this  red  color  fades  to  yellow  when  more  of  the 
reagent  is  used. 

(2)  On  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  Thebain  gives  a  yel- 
low color  reaction. 

(3)  On  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  Thebain  gives  a  per- 
manent bright-red  color  reaction. 

(4)  On  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  Thebain  gives  a 
greenish-yellow  color  reaction. 

(5)  The  blue  color  which  morphin  gives  with  ammo- 
nium molybdate  and   sulfuric  acid  is  brown  when  The- 
bain is  treated  as  described  for  morphin  and  when  bis- 
muth sub  nitrate,  titanic  acid,  or  tungstic  acid  is  used, 
changing  to  green  with  the  molybdate. 

Test  for  Theobromin,  C5H2(CH3). 

Dimethylxanthin. 

Theobromin  occurs  in  the  seed  of  Theobroma  cacao, 
from  which  chocolate  is  made;  it  is  a  light,  white,  some- 
what crystalline  powder  of  a  bitter  taste;  is  soluble  in 
1:70  parts  of  water  at  100°;  very  little  soluble  in  alcohol, 
in  ether  and  in  benzene;  slightly  in  chloroform  and  in  car- 


128  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

bon  disulfid;   fairly  soluble  in  glacial  acetic  acid;   it  does 
not  act  upon  litmus  paper. 

(1)  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.)  Theobromin  dissolves  in  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)  of  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  by  slightly 
warming;  small,  white,  crystalline  needles  form  in  this 
solution  in  the  course  of  a  few  hours  if  2  drops  of  a 
saturated  watery  solution  of  silver  nitrate  are  added, 
and  the  mixture  kept  in  a  loosely  corked  test-tube  in  a 
water-bath. 


Test  for  Thymol,  CeHa-C 

Propylmetakresol. 

Thymol  is  a  phenol  occurring  in  the  volatile  oil  of 
thyme,  and  is  described  as  in  large,  colorless,  translu- 
cent crystals  of  the  hexagonal  system,  having  a  strong, 
aromatic  odor  of  thyme  and  a  pungent,  hot  taste,  with  a 
very  slight  caustic  effect  upon  the  lips;  they  develop 
electricity  when  rubbed,  and  attract  small  pieces  of  paper; 
very  slightly  soluble  in  water  1:1000;  easily  soluble  in 
alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  acetic  acid,  carbon  disulfid, 
warm  glycerol,  and  in  fixed  or  volatile  oils;  and  liquefy 
when  triturated  with  camphor,  menthol,  or  chloral  hy- 
drate; they  sink  in  water. 

(1)  An  intense  pink-colored  fluid  of  a  permanent  color 
is  obtained  when  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  chloroform  U.  S.  P.  — 
containing   1    per    cent    of    alcohol  —  is   poured    upon  a 
mixture  of  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.)  Thymol  and  0.010  gm.  (J  gr.) 
caustic  potash  or  soda. 

(2)  A  turbid,  violet-colored  mixture  is  obtained  when 
a  mixture  of  0.005  gm.  (fa  gr.)  Thymol  and  0.010  gm. 
(|  gr.)  potassium  nitrite  or  sodium  nitrite  is  warmed  in 
a  test-tube  for  about  ten  minutes  to  75°  or  80°  with  1  c.c. 
(16   minims)  of    mercuric-chlorid    solution  (Reagent  13} 
diluted  with  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  water. 


TEST  FOR   TRITOPIN.  129 

(3)  An  intense,  permanent  bluish-green  color  reaction 
takes  place  when  a  small  particle  of  Thymol  is  dropped 
into  a  mixture  of  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  glacial  acetic  acid, 
4   drops  of   sulfuric    acid   (Reagent   21),    and  1  drop  of 
nitric  acid  (Reagent  15);    camphor  and  menthol  give  no 
color  reaction  when  similarly  treated. 

(4)  0.50  gm.   (8  grs.)  Thymol,  triturated  with  twelve 
drops   sul'furic    acid  (Reagent   21),  give   a   yellowish-red 
fluid,  solidifying  in  about  four  hours  to  a  hard  carmine- 
red,  crystalline  mass.     A  small  particle  of  this  red  com- 
pound dissolved  in  50  c.c.  (1^  f.  oz.)  of  water  to  which 
previously  1  drop  of  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  has 
been  added  colors  the  water  violet. 

Test  for  Tritopin,  C42H54N2O7. 

Tritopin  is  an  alkaloid  found  in  opium;  it  crystallizes 
in  characteristic  anhydrous,  transparent,  needle-like  plates; 
easily  soluble  in  chloroform;  less  so  in  alcohol  of  94  per 
cent  and  in  10  per  cent  caustic-soda  solution;  sparingly 
soluble  in  ether;  insoluble  in  carbon  disulfid;  gives  a  blue 
spot  on  moist,  sensitive,  red  litmus  paper. 

(1)  Tritopin  gives  a  rose-red  color  reaction  when  strewn 
upon  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21),  which  color  increases  in 
time.    The  color  changes  to  green,  blue,  and  violet  by 
warming  on  the  water-bath  or  over  a  flame. 

(2)  A  bright   violet-red    color  reaction   is  obtained   if 
a  trace   of  ferric-chlorid   solution   (Reagent  4)   is  added 
to  the  solution  of  Tritopin  in  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
with  a  glass  rod.     The  color  is  dark  red  when  a  trace  of 
sodium    nitrate    (NaNO3)    is    substituted   for    the  ferric- 
chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4). 

(3)  Tritopin  gives  a  brown  color  reaction  when  treated 
with  sulfuric  acid  and  bismuth  subnitrate,  as  described 
for  morphin,  which  brown  color  changes  to  red  and  then 


13°  SPECIFIC   TESTS. 

to  yellow-brown.     With  ammonium  molybdate  and  sul- 
furic  acid  and  with  titanic  acid  it  gives  a  lilac  color. 


Test  for  Urethan,  NH2.CO.O.C2H5. 

Ethylcarbamate. 

Urethan  is  made  by  allowing  ammonia  to  act  upon 
ethylcarbamate;  it  forms  large,  colorless  crystals  of  a 
faint  ethereal  odor  and  taste  suggestive  of  saltpetre  which 
are  soluble  in  water,  ether,  chloroform,  alcohol,  and  in 
carbon  disulfid  by  warming;  has  no  action  upon  litmus 
paper. 

(1)  It  liberates  ammonia  (NH3)  when  0.100  gm.  (IJgrs.) 
Urethan  is  dissolved  in  10  drops  of  sodium-hydrate  solu- 
tion (Reagent  20)  or  in  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  lime-water 
(Reagent  10),  slowly  in  the  cold,  more  quickly  by  warm- 
ing. 

(2)  lodoform    is  formed  when  0.10   gm.    (1J  grs.)   of 
iodin,  in  small  portions,  is  added  to  a  solution  of  0.20  gm. 
(3  grs.)  of  Urethan  dissolved  in  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  a 
warm   10  per   cent   caustic-soda  solution.      If   the  well- 
known,    fine   yellow   crystalline   precipitate   of   iodoform 
does  not  form  at  once,  a  few  particles  more  of  iodin  will 
have  to  be  added  to  the  solution. 

Test  for  Vanillin,  C6H3CHO(OCH3)OH. ; 

Methylprotocatechnaldehyd. 

Vanillin  is  the  odoriferous  principle  of  the  vanilla  bean, 
which  contains  from  2  to  2J  per  cent.  It  is  also  formed 
synthetically  when  guaiacol  is  acted  upon  with  chloro- 
form and  alkali;  is  in  crystalline  needles  of  a  powerful 
aromatic  odor  and  taste;  soluble  in  water  1:100;  easily 
soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  and  carbon  disulfid. 


TEST  FOR  YERATRIN.  13! 

(1)  A  small  particle  of  Vanillin  added  to  a  solution  of 
0.010  gm.   (I  gr.)  of  pyrogallol  in  1  c.c.   (16  minims)  of 
hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  heated  to  boiling  gives  a 
bright  violet-red  color  reaction. 

(2)  A  blue  fluid  is  obtained  when  0.020  gm.  (J  gr.) 
of  Vanillin  is  agitated  with  2  c.c.  (32  minims)   of  water 
to  which  1  drop  ferric-chlorid  solution  (Reagent  4)  has 
been  added.    The  blue  color  turns  brown  when  the  fluid 
is  warmed. 

(3)  Vanillin  dissolves    in    sulfuric    acid    (Reagent  21) 
with  a  yellow  color;    it  colors  nitric  acid    (Reagent  15) 
yellow-red  when  strewn  upon  it. 

Test  for  Veratrin. 

Veratrin  is  a  mixture  of  alkaloids  obtained  from  ceva- 
dilla.  It  is  a  white  or  grayish  white,  amorphous,  or  semi- 
crystalline  powder,  odorless,  but  causing  intense  irrita- 
tion and  sneezing  when  even  a  minute  quantity  reaches 
the  nasal  mucous  membrane;  has  an  acrid  taste,  and 
leaves  a  sensation  of  tingling  and  numbness  on  the  tongue; 
is  easily  soluble  in  alcohol,  chloroform,  and  ether;  soluble 
in  benzene  and  carbon  disulfid;  very  slightly  in  water 
1:1500;  on  moist  red  litmus  paper  it  gives  a  blue  spot. 

(1)  0.005  gm.   (-^g-  gr.)    of  Veratrin   added   to   5   c.c. 
(81  minims)  sulfuric  acid   (Reagent  21)  becomes  lumpy 
and  yellow  colored;   violet  on  warming  the  solution;   this 
color  changes   to  orange  and   cherry-red,   and  the  acid 
slowly  becomes  thus  colored. 

(2)  0.005  gm.   (TV  gr.)  Veratrin  gives  n©   color  reac- 
tion in  the  cold  with  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  hydrochloric  acid 
(Reagent  5);    by  warming  it  over  the  flame   the  solu- 
tion colors  pink-red;    0.10  gm.  (li  grs.)  Veratrin  boiled 
with  5  c.c.   (81   minims)  of  the  acid  gives  a  purple-red 
color  reaction. 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


13*  SPECIFIC  TESTS. 

(3)  0.10  (1J  grs.)  Veratrin  warmed   on  the  water-bath 
with  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  phosphoric  acid  of  1.4  sp.  gr. 
colors  purple-red,   and  gives  off  an  odor  suggestive  of 
butyric  acid. 

(4)  A  dark-green  color  reaction,  followed  by  reddish 
purple  and  blue  colors,  is  obtained  by  adding  a  sprinkling 
of  finely  powdered  sugar  to  a  solution  of  Veratrin  in  sul- 
furic  acid  (Reagent  21). 


Test  for  Yohimbine, 

Yohimbine  is  an  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  bark  of 
Ccfryanthe  yohimbi,  a  large  tree  growing  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Africa.  It  is  in  the  form  of  white  needles, 
but  turns  yellow,  then  orange-red,  when  exposed  to  the 
air;  has  a  bitter  taste,  and  is  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol; 
melts  at  232°  C. 

(1)  When   Yohimbine    is    treated    with    a   solution   of 
gold  chloride   (1:100)   an  amorphous,  grayish-violet  pre- 
cipitate is  formed. 

(2)  Sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  added  to  a  solution  of 
Yohimbine  develops  the  odor  of  mint. 

(3)  Nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  followed  by  caustic  potassa 
produces  a  green  color  with  the  acid,  changed  to  cherry- 
red  by  the  potassa  when  in  contact  with  Yohimbine. 

(4)  Reduction  of  silver  takes  place  when  a  solution 
of  Yohimbine  is  mixed  with  a  solution  of  silver  nitrate.. 

(5)  By  oxidation  with  potassium  permanganate  Yohim- 
bine   yields    yohimbic    acid    (C2oH24N2O6)    and    noryo- 
himbic  acid  (CigH2oN2O7). 

(6)  Yohimbine  gives  with  cane-sugar,  glucose,  or  fur- 
furol  on  addition  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  the  same 
color  reactions,  red  or  violet,  that  are  given  by  the  biliary 
acids,  but  this  color  reaction  cannot  be  regarded  as  ser- 


TEST  FOR  ZINC  SULFATE.  i33 

viceable  for  its  identification,  as  sesame  oil  produces  the 
same  reaction. 

Test  for  Zinc  Sulfate,  ZnSO4+7H2O. 

Zinc  Sulfate  is  in  colorless,  transparent,  rhombic  crys- 
tals, or  in  a  granular  crystalline  powder,  without  odor, 
and  having  an  astringent,  metallic  taste.  Efflorescent  in 
dry  air.  Soluble  in  0.6  part  of  water  at  15°  C.,  and  in  0.2 
part  of  boiling  water,  also  soluble  in  3  parts  of  glycerin, 
but  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Its  aqueous  solution  shows  an 
acid  reaction  to  blue  litmus  paper. 

(1)  The   aqueous   solution   of   Zinc    Sulfate   (1   in  20) 
yields  a  white  gelatinous  precipitate  with  potassium  ferro- 
cyanid  T.S.,   and   a  white    precipitate   with   ammonium 
sulfid  T.S.,  and  with  barium  chlorid  T.S. 

(2)  If  a  small  portion  of  Zinc   Sulfate  be  moistened 
with  a  drop  of  cobaltous  nitrate  T.'S.,  and  heated  before 
the  blowpipe,  it  will  assume  a  vivid  green  color. 

(3)  The  aqueous  solution   of   Zinc   Sulfate  (1  in  20), 
after  being  acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5), 
should  not  respond  to  the  test  for  arsenic,  lead,  or  copper. 

(4)  The  aqueous  solution  of  Zinc  Sulfate  should   yield 
with  ammonium  carbonate  T.S.,  a  white  precipitate,  which 
should  redissolve  completely  in  an  excess  of  the  reagent. 

(5)  The   aqueous   solution   of   Zinc    Sulfate    (1   in   20) 
should  not  be  rendered  more  than  slightly  turbid  by  sil- 
ver nitrate  T.S.  (limit  of  chloride). 

(6)  If  1  gm.   (15£  grs.)  of  Zinc  Sulfate  in  small  frag- 
ments be  agitated  for  some  time  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims) 
of  alcohol,  the  filtrate  should  not  redden  moistened  blue 
litmus  paper  (absence  of  free  acid). 


TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 


Tests  for  the  Presence  and  Purity  of  Alcohol,  C2H5OH. 

Alcohol  is  a  transparent,  colorless,  mobile,  and  volatile 
liquid  of  a  slight,  agreeable  odor  and  a  burning  taste. 
Specific  gravity  about  0.816  at  15.6°  C.  Miscible  with 
water  in  all  proportions,  and  without  any  trace  of  cloudi- 
ness ;  also  miscible  with  ether  or  chloroform.  It  is  readily 
volatilized,  even  at  low  temperatures,  and  boils  at  78°  C. 
It  is  inflammable,  and  burns  with  a  pale-blue,  smoke- 
less flame.  It  should  not  affect  the  color  of  blue  or  red 
litmus  paper  previously  moistened  with  water;  and  if 
evaporated  in  a  clean  glass  vessel,  no  color  or  weighable 
residue  should  remain. 

(1)  If  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  Alcohol    be  mixed  with 
5  c.c.   (81  minims)  of  water  rand  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of 
glycerin,   and  the  mixture  allowed  to  evaporate  spon- 
taneously from  a  piece  of  clean,  odorless  blotting-paper, 
no  foreign  odor  should  become  perceptible  when  the  last 
traces  of  the  Alcohol  leave  the  paper  (absence  of  fusel- 
oil  constituents). 

(2)  If  25  c.c.  (405  minims)  of  Alcohol  be  allowed  to 
evaporate  spontaneously  in  a  porcelain  evaporating-dish, 
carefully  protected  from  dust,  until  the  surface  of   the 
dish  is  barely  moist,  no  red  or  brown  color  should  be 
produced  upon  the  addition  of  a  few  drops  of  colorless, 
concentrated  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  (absence  of  amyl 


136  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

alcohol,  or   non-volatile,   carbonizable,   organic  impurities, 
etc.). 

(3)  If  10  c.c.   (162  minims)  of  Alcohol  be  mixed  in  a 
test-tube  with  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  potassium  hydroxid 
T.S.,  the  liquid  should  not  at  once  assume  a  yellow  color 
(absence  of  aldehyde  or  oak  tannin). 

(4)  If  20  c.c.  (324  minims)  of 'Alcohol  be  shaken  in  a 
clean,  glass-stoppered  vial   with   1   c.c.    (16  minims)   of 
silver  nitrate  T.S.,  the  mixture  should  not  become  more 
than  faintly  opalescent,   or  acquire  more  than  a  faint 
brownish   tint   when   exposed  for  six  hours   to   diffused 
daylight   (limit  of  organic  impurities,  amyl  alcohol,  alde- 
hyde, etc.). 

(5)  Into  a  test-tube  of  the  capacity  of  about  40  c.c. 
(1  f.  oz.,   169  minims)  1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  the  Alcohol 
or  spirit  to  be  tested  should  be  poured,  and,  if  it  be  un- 
diluted, enough  distilled  water  added  to  make  the  liquid 
measure  10  c.c.  (162  minims).     If  the  Alcohol  be  already 
diluted,  a  correspondingly  larger  volume  of  it  should  be 
taken  and  diluted  to  10  c.c.  (162  minims),  so  that  the 
proportion  of  Alcohol  in  the  liquid  shall   not  be  more 
than   about    10    per   cent    by   volume.     A    copper-wire 
spiral  (made  by  winding  1  meter  (39  inches)  of  No.  18 
clean  copper  wire  closely  around  a  glass  rod  7  millimeters 
(i2^  inch)    thick,   making    a  coil   about   3   centimeters 
(1  inch)  long,  the  end  of  the  wire  being  formed  into  a 
handle)  should  be  heated  to  redness  in  a  flame  free  from 
soot  and  plunged   quite  steadily  to  the  bottom  of  the 
liquid  in  the  test-tube  and  held  there  for  a  second  or 
two,   then  withdrawn   and   dipped  into   water  to  cool. 
This  treatment  with  red-hot  copper  should  be  repeated 
five  or  six  times,  immersing  the  test-tube  in  cold  water 
to  keep  down  the  temperature  of  the  liquid.     The  con- 
tents of  the  test-tube  should  now  be  filtered  into  a  wide 
test-tube  and  boiled  very  gently.     If  the  odor  of  acetalde- 


TEST  FOR  PRESENCE  AND  PURITY  OF  ALCOHOL.     137 

hyde  be  perceptible,  the  boiling  is  to  be  continued  until 
the  odor  ceases  to  be  distinguished  clearly.  The  liquid 
is  now  cooled,  and  to  it  should  be  added  1  drop  of  a  solu- 
tion containing  1  part  of  resorcinal  in  2000  parts  of  water. 
A  portion  of  this  liquid  is  then  poured  cautiously  into  a 
second  test-tube  containing  pure  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
in  such  a  way  that  the  two  liquids  shall  not  mix,  the 
tube  being  held  in  an  inclined  position;  this  tube  is 
allowed  to  stand  for  three  minutes  and  then  slowly 
rotated.  No  rose-red  ring  should  show  at  the  line  of 
contact  of  the  two  layers  (absence  of  more  than  2  per 
cent  of  methyl  alcohol). 

(6)  Filter  the  liquid  to  be  tested,  if  not  clear,   and 
warm  it  in  a  test-tube;  add  a  little  iodin  and  a  few  drops 
of   potassium   or   sodium-hydrate  solution;    again  warm 
gently  and  set  aside  for  a  time;    a  yellowish  crystalline 
deposit  of  iodoform  (CHI3)  is  obtained  if  Alcohol  is  pres- 
ent.    This  is  Lieben's  test,  and  will  detect  1  part  of  Al- 
cohol in  2000  parts  of  water. 

(7)  Add  0.10  gm.  (1J  grs.)  of  potassium  dichromate 
(K2Cr2O7)  and  1  c.c.   (16  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  (Re- 
agent 21)  to  the  suspected  liquid  and  heat  it;    a  green 
color  and  the  odor  of    aldehyde  reveal  the  presence  of 
Alcohol. 

(8)  Heat  the  liquid  to  be  tested  in  a  test-tube  with  a 
few  grains  of  sodium  acetate  and  3  or  4  drops  of  sul- 
furic acid  (Reagent  21);   the  odor  of  apples  (acetic  ether) 
is  developed  if  it  contains  Alcohol. 

(9)  A  drop  of  benzoyl  chlorid  (C6H5COC1)  shaken  with 
an    alcoholic   liquid    and    warmed   with  sodium-hydrate 
solution  (Reagent  20)  gives  off  the  odor  of  ethyl  ben- 
zoate  (benzoic  ethyl). 

(10)  Alcohol  in  the  urine  is  tested  by  first  distilling 
the  urine,  then  dissolve,  by  heating,  1  part,  by  weight, 
of  molybdic  acid  in  2  parts  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21); 


I38  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

add  a  drop  of  this  to  the  distillate;    a  blue  coloration 
indicates  Alcohol. 

(11)  To  detect  Alcohol  in  essential  oils  strongly  agi- 
tate the  oil  with  an  equal  volume  of  distilled  water;   re- 
move the  watery  layer  when  clear,  and  add  a  drop  or 
two  of  the  solution   of   molybdic    acid  in  sulfuric  acid 
(10) ;  an  azure-blue  coloration  is  developed  if  it  contains 
a  trace  of  Alcohol. 

(12)  Add    solution    of   mercuric    nitrate   U.S.P.    to   a 
liquid  containing  Alcohol;    a  partial  reduction  to  mer- 
curous  nitrate  takes  place;    after  the  action  is  complete 
add  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1);    a  black  precipitate  is 
formed  (difference  from  methyl  alcohol). 

(13)  The   presence   of   Alcohol   in  chloroform   and  in 
chloral  hydrate  is  ascertained  by  adding,  very  carefully 
and  gradually,  to  the  chloroform  or  to  an  aqueous  solu- 
tion of  the  chloral  hydrate  a  solution  of  molybdic  acid 
in  sulfuric  acid  (10),  when  the  presence  of  the  smallest 
trace  of  Alcohol  will  cause  a  blue  coloration. 

(14)  The  fluid  to  be  tested  is  carefully  poured  upon 
concentrated   nitric    acid    (Reagent    15)    contained   in   a 
test-tube.     In  the  presence  of  Alcohol  a  greenish  colora- 
tion soon  becomes  apparent  at  the  point  of  contact  of 
the  two  fluids,  which   soon   becomes   intensely  emerald- 
green.     Gradually,    also,   faint   evolution   of   gas   occurs, 
which  is  accompanied  by  the  odor  of  amyl  nitrite. 

(15)  Heat  10  c.c.  (162   minims)  of   an  alcoholic  liquid 
with  about  one-fourth  its  volume  of  sulfuric  acid   (Re- 
agent 21);    the  odor  of  ether  will  be  evolved. 

(16)  Mix  the  liquid  to  be  tested  with  platinum  black, 
and  put  it  in  a  small  flask;    heat  the  flask  to  51.1°  C.; 
shake  it  well,  and  filter  the  liquid;   to  the  filtrate  add  a 
few  drops  of  potassium-hydrate  solution,  and  evaporate 
to  dryness  in  a  water-bath ;   heat  the  residue  with  a  little 
arsenic   trioxid   (As2Os);    when,  if  Alcohol  is  present,  a 


ALLSPICE.  139 

garlicky  odor  will  be  noticed,  owing  to  the  production 
of  cacodyl  (As2(CH)3)4. 

(17)  Alcohol  in  chloroform  may  be  detected  by  shak- 
ing  the  chloroform   with   potassium   permanganate   and 
potassium-hydrate   solution,  made  by  dissolving  1   part 
of  potassium  permanganate  and   10  parts  of  potassium 
hydrate  in  250  parts  of  water;  which  gives  a  violet  color 
changing  to  green. 

(18)  A  delicate  test  for  Alcohol  in  very  dilute  solution, 
by  which  1  part  may  be  recognized  in  1,000,000  parts  of 
water,  depends  on  the  formation  of  aldehyde  by  distilling 
the  weak  solution  of  Alcohol  with  sulfuric  acid  containing 
chromic  acid   (Reagent  22).     If  to  the  distillate  a  few 
drops  of  fuchsin  solution,  which  has  been  decolorized  by 
sulfur  dioxid,  are  added,  a  violet  coloration  is  produced, 
the  intensity  of  which  depends  on  the  amount  of  alde- 
hyde present.     The  color  is  then  compared  with  a  solu- 
tion of  potassium  permanganate,   the  color  of  which  is 
adjusted   to   that   produced   by  the  fuchsin   reagent    in 
an   aldehyde   solution   of   known   strength. 


Test  for  the  Purity  of  Allspice.       *• 

(1)  Wash  the   allspice  thoroughly  and  evaporate  the 
wash-water  slowly  to  one-fourth  its  volume;  add  a  few 
drops  of  nitric  acid   (Reagent  15)   and  stir  with  a  glass 
rod,  then  add,  drop  by  drop,  a  solution  of    potassium 
ferrocyanid;   a  blue  color  indicates  ferric  oxide  or  Arme- 
nian bole  as  the  adulterant. 

(2)  A  half  teaspoonful   of  the  sample  is  stirred  into 
half  a  cupful  of  boiling  water,  and  the  boiling  continued 
for  two  or  three  minutes.     The  mixture  is  then  cooled. 
Dilute  with  an  equal  volume  of  water.     A  single  drop 
of  tincture  of  iodin  is  now  added.     If  starch  is  present, 


140  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

a  deep-blue  color,  which  in  the  presence  of  a  large  amount 
of  starch  appears  black,  is  formed. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Almond-oil. 

(1)  If  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  Almond-oil  be  vigorously 
shaken    with    1   c.c.    (16   minims)   of  fuming  nitric   acid 
and  1  c.c.   (16  minims)  of  water,  a  whitish  (not  red  or 
brownish)  mixture  should  be  formed,  which,  after  stand- 
ing for  some  hours  at  about  10°  C.,  should  separate  into 
a  solid,  white  mass,  and  a  scarcely  colored  liquid    (dis- 
tinction from  fixed  oils  of  apricot  and  peach  kernels,  and 
from  sesame,  cottonseed,  and  poppy-seed  oils). 

(2)  If   10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  the  oil  be  mixed  with 
15  c.c.   (4    fluid  drachms)  of  a  15  per  cent  solution  of 
sodium  hydrate  and  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  alcohol,  and 
the  mixture  allowed  to  stand  at  a  temperature-  of  35° 
to   40°  C.,    with   occasional    agitation,    until    it    becomes 
dear,  and  then  diluted  with  100  c.c.  (3  f.  oz.)  of  water, 
the  clear  solution   thus   obtained,  upon  the  subsequent 
addition  of  an  excess  of  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5), 
will  set  free  a  layer  of  oleic   acid.      This,   when  sepa- 
rated from  the  aqueous  liquid,  washed  with  warm  water, 
and  clarified  on  a  water-bath,  will  remain  liquid  at  15°  C., 
although  sometimes  depositing  particles  of  solid  matter 
and  becoming  turbid.     One  part  of  this  oleic  acid,  when 
mixed  with  1  volume  of  alcohol  of  0.820  specific  gravity, 
should  give  a  clear  solution,  which  at  15°  C.  should  not 
deposit  any  fatty  acids,  nor  become  turbid  on  the  fur- 
ther addition  of   1   volume  of  alcohol   (distinction  from 
olive,  arachis,  cottonseed,  sesame,  and  other  fixed  oils). 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Ambergris. 

(1)  Pure   Ambergris   has   a   specific  gravity   of   0.908 
to  0.920,  and  is  insoluble  in  water;    very  slightly  soluble 


ANIMAL   CHARCOAL,  ARROWROOT.  141 

in  cold,  but  more  readily  soluble  in  hot  alcohol,  in  ether, 
and  in  volatile  and  fatty  oils.  In  absolute  alcohol  it  is 
almost  completely  soluble.  It  contains  85  per  cent  of 
ambrein,  and  on  distillation  with  water  yields  13  per 
cent  of  a  volatile,  pleasantly  odorous  oil.  On  account 
of  its  high  price  Ambergris  should  be  tested  for  the  pres- 
ence of  benzoin,  olibanum,  wax,  flour,  and  similar  sub- 
stances. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Animal  Charcoal. 

(1)  Place. a  weighed  quantity  of  the  suspected  char- 
coal, previously  finely  powdered  and  dried,  in  a  porcelain 
crucible,  and  heat  until  all  organic  substances  have  been 
incinerated.     Not    more    than    one-tenth    of    the    weight 
should  be  lost  by  this  operation. 

(2)  Boil  the  sample  several    times  with    pure  water, 
dry,  add  a  small  quantity  of  potassium  hydrate,  and  bring 
again  to  the  boiling-point.      After  a  few  minutes  filter. 
If  the  filtrate  appears  colored,  the  charcoal  has  already 
been  used,  and  not  thoroughly  revivified. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Arrowroot. 

(1)  The  presence  of  potato-starch  in  Arrowroot  may 
be  discovered  by  the  microscope.  Arrowroot  consists 
of  regular  ovoid  particles  of  nearly  equal  size,  whereas 
potato-starch  consists  of  particles  of  an  irregular  ovoid 
or  truncated  form,  exceedingly  irregular  in  their  dimen- 
sions, some  being  so  large  as  ^^  of  an  inch,  and  others 
only  3-gVo-.  Arrowroot  may  be  distinguished  from  potato- 
starch  not  only  by  the  different  size  of  its  particles,  but 
by  the  difference  of  structure.  Their  surfaces  in  the 
Arrowroot  are  smooth,  and  free  from  the  streaks  and 
furrows  seen  in  the  potato  particles  by  a  good  micro- 
scope. The  Arrowroot,  moreover,  is  destitute  of  that 


142  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

fetid  unwholesome  oil  extractable  by  alcohol  from  potato- 
starch. 

(2)  Triturate  the  sample  with  dilute  nitric  acid  1.10 
in  a  mortar.  If  it  immediately  forms  a  transparent  very 
viscid  paste  or  jelly,  it  is  adulterated  with  potato-starch 
or  flour.  Pure  Arrowroot  forms  an  opaque  paste,  and 
takes  a  much  longer  time  to  become  viscid. 


Test  for  the  Purity  of  Asphaltum. 

(1)  Dissolve  the  sample  in  bisulfid  of  carbon,  filter, 
evaporate  to  dryness,  and  heat  until  it  can  be  rubbed 
to  a  fine  powder  in  a  mortar.  One  part  by  weight  of 
this  is  gently  digested  with  50  parts  of  sulphuric  acid 
(Reagent  21)  for  twenty-four  hours,  and  then  gradually 
with  100  parts  of  water,  and  allowed  to  cool  thoroughly. 
This  mixture  is  filtered  and  diluted  with  1000  parts  of 
water.  The  unadulterated  Asphaltum  gives  a  colorless 
or  pale-yellow  fluid,  while,  if  pitch,  coal-tar,  etc.,  are 
present,  it  is  dark  brown  or  black. 


Test  for  the  Purity  of  Beeswax. 

(1)  Pure   Beeswax  should   have   a  specific  gravity  of 
0.959  to  0.967  and  a  melting-point  of  63°  to  64°  C. 

(2)  Its  composition  is  approximately  constant,  and  the 
average  amount  of  potassium  hydrate  required  is:    for 
neutralization  of  the  free  acids,  2  per  cent;    for  saponi- 
fication  of  esters,  7.5  per  cent;  or  a  total  of  9.5  per  cent 
of  potassium  hydrate  for  complete  saponification. 

*  (3)  The  presence  of  stearic  acid  is  confirmed  by  boil- 
ing the  wax  in  alcohol,  filtering  when  cold,  and  pouring 
it  into  water,  when  a  flocculent  precipitate  is  immedi- 
ately formed. 

(4)  Boil  the  wax  with  an  aqueous  solution  of  sodium 


BENZINE.  143 

carbonate,  an  effervescence  indicates  the  presence  of 
stearic  acid  as  the  adulterant. 

(5)  Pure  wax  floats  in  alcohol  of  29°.  By  observing 
the  strength  of  the  alcohol  in  which  the  sample  floats, 
the  percentage  of  wax  may  be  deduced  as  follows: 

If  the  alcoholometer  shows  29°,  the  sample  contains 
100  per  cent  of  wax;  39.63°,  75  per  cent;  50.25°,  50  per 
cent;  60.87°,  25  per  cent;  71.50°,  0  per  cent,  no  wax 
at  all,  but  tallow. 


'  Test  for  the  Purity  of  Benzine, 

(1)  Pure   Benzine   on   calendered  white   writing   paper 
will  evaporate,  free  of  stain,  in  seven  minutes. 

(2)  Commences  to  boil   at  54°  to   60°  C.,   and   has   a 
specific  gravity  of  0.69  to  0.72  at  15.5°  C. 

(3)  Pure  Benzine  smells  of  petroleum. 

(4)  It  dissolves  iodine,  the  solution  being  raspberry-red- 

(5)  If   brought   in   contact   with   coal-tar   pitch,   even 
for  a  long  time,  it  dissolves  very  little  of  the  latter  and 
becomes  scarcely  colored. 

(6)  When   shaken   in   the   cold   with   one-third    of   its 
volume  of  melted  crystals  of  pure  carbolic  acid,  the  lat- 
ter is  not  dissolved,  but  forms  a  layer  by  itself  separate 
from  the  Benzine. 

(7)  Pure  Benzine  requires  for  a  complete  solution  at 
an  ordinary  temperature  2  volumes  of  absolute  alcohol, 
or  4  to  5   volumes  of  methyl   alcohol  of  0.828  specific 
gravity. 

(8)  Heated  with  4  volumes  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent   15) 
of  1.45  specific  gravity,  the  latter  becomes  brown,  while 
the  Benzine  is  but  little  attacked  and  forms  an  upper 
layer. 


144  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Bergamot-oil. 

(1)  Pure  Oil  of  Bergamot  should  dissolve  at  20°  C.  in 
1£  to  2  volumes  of  80%  alcohol.  Slight  turbidity,  increas- 
ing on  the  addition  of  more  alcohol,  is  due  to  separation 
of  bergaptene,  but  none  of  the  oil  should  remain  undis- 
solved,  and  the  specific  gravity  at  15°  C.  should  not  be 
under  0.881. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Black  Pepper. 

(1)  A  portion  of  the  powdered  Pepper  is  extracted  by 
maceration  or  percolation  with  ether.  To  the  ethereal 
solution  a  little  water  is  added,  followed  by  a  few  drops 
of  ammonia.  On  shaking,  a  deep  lilac -red  color  is  ob- 
tained in  the  aqueous  layer  if  adulterated  with  Myrsine 
africana  or  Embelia  ribes.  Pure  Pepper  gives  no  such 
color. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Borax,  Na2B4O7  +  10H2O. 

Borax  occurs  in  colorless,  transparent,  prismatic  crys- 
tals, or  as  a  white  powder;  it  is  odorless,  and  has  a  sweet- 
ish, alkaline  taste.  In  warm,  dry  air  it  is  slight^  efflores- 
cent. It  is  soluble  in  20.4  parts  of  water  at  25°  C.,  in 
0.5  part  of  boiling  water  and  1  part  of  glycerin  at  80°  C.  ; 
insoluble  in  alcohol.  When  heated,  Borax  at  first  loses 
part  of  its  water  of  crystallization,  then  melts,  and,  when 
further  heated,  swells  up  and  forms  a  white,  porous  mass. 
At  a  red  heat  it  loses  all  of  its  water  of  crystallization 
(47  per  cent),  and  fuses  to  a  colorless  glass.  To  a  non- 
luminous  flame  it  imparts  an  intense  yellow  color.  An 
aqueous  solution  (1  in  20)  colors  red  litmus  paper  blue, 
and  yellow  turmeric  paper  reddish  brown. 

(1)  If  a  drop  of  the  solution  of  Borax  in  glycerin  be 


BUTTER.  145 

held  in  a  non-luminous  flame,   a  transient  bright-green 
color  will  appear. 

(2)  If  a  slight  excess  of  diluted  sulfuric  acid  be  added 
to  a  hot,  saturated,  aqueous  solution  of  Borax,  shining, 
scaly  crystals  of  boric  acid  will  separate  on  cooling,  which, 
when  dissolved  in  alcohol  and  the  liquid  ignited,  imparts 
a  green  color  to  the  flame. 

(3)  With  21  c.c.  (340  minims)  of  water  1  gm.  (15J  grs.) 
of  Borax  should  yield  a  perfectly  clear  and  colorless  solu- 
tion, leaving  no  residue. 

(4)  The  aqueous  solution  of  Borax   (1  in  20)   should 
not  effervesce  with  acids  (absence   of  carbonate  or  bicar- 
bonate] . 

(5)  The  aqueous  solution  of  Borax   (1  in  20)   should 
not  be  rendered  turbid  by  magnesia  mixture    (absence 
of  phosphate). 

(6)  If  1  gm.  (15 J  grs.)  of  Borax  be  dissolved  in  20  c.c. 
(324  minims)  of  diluted  sulfuric  acid  by  the  aid  of  heat, 
and  3  drops  of  indigo  T.S.  be  added,  the  blue  color  should 
not  be  discharged  after  heating  for  ten  minutes  on  a 
water-bath  (absence  of  nitrate). 


Test  for  the  Purity  of  Butter. 

(1)  Heat  the  suspected  Butter  in  a  crucible  or  test-tube 
to  about  148.8°  to  160°  C.  At  this  temperature  artificial 
Butter  froths  but  little,  and  the  mass  exhibits  irregular 
movements  resembling  those  of  boiling,  accompanied  by 
sudden,  forcible  shocks  which  frequently  throw  a  part 
of  the  fat  from  the  crucible.  Casein  at  the  same  time  is 
separated  and  forms  on  the  edge  of  the  crucible  in  small 
balls,  which  assume  a  brown  tint,  while  the  fat  retains 
its  original  color.  Genuine  Butter,  under  these  circum- 
stances, foams  copiously,  the  agitation  occasioned  by 


J46  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

boiling  is  not  nearly  so  forcible,   and  the  entire  mass 
assumes  a  uniform  brown  color. 

(2)  Melt  and  filter  the  suspected  Butter.     Then  take 
10  grs.  of  this,  heat  it  in  a  test-tube  to  66°  C.,  then  add 
30  minims  of  phenol,  shake  the  mixture  and  heat  it  in 
a  water-bath  until  the  fluid  becomes  transparent.     The 
test-tube  is  then  allowed  to  stand  quietly  for  some  time. 
Genuine  Butter  will  give  a  clear  solution,  but  suet,  tal- 
low, or  lard  forms  two  separate  layers  of  fluid,  the  upper 
of  which  becomes  turbid  on  cooling. 

(3)  Stir  half   a  teaspoonful  or  less  of   the  suspected 
Butter  in  enough  sulfuric  ether  to  dissolve  it.     By  the 
time  the  grease  is  dissolved  the   ether  will   have  been 
evaporated  and  the  residuum  will  show,  to  smell  or  taste, 
whether  it  is  Butter,  lard,  or  tallow. 

(4)  Heat  some  of  the  sample  in  a  spoon  over  a  naked 
flame  until  it  boils.     Pure  Butter  melts,  foams,  and  runs 
over  the  spoon,  with  an  odor  of  Butter  only;    oleomar- 
garin  melts  with  much  spluttering,  foams  slightly,  arid 
the  odor  of  hot  beef -fat  is  strongly  marked.      Continue 
the  heat  until  the  sample  ignites,  and  compare  the  odor 
given  off  with  that  of  a  sample  known  to  be  pure  Butter 
similarly  treated. 

(5)  Heat  1  gm.  (15^  grs.)  of  sample  with  about  5  c.c. 
(81  minims)  of  a  10  per  cent  alcoholic  solution  of  caustic 
potash  until  the  fat  is  saponified,  then  pour  into  cold 
water.     Pure   Butter  gives  off  a  marked  odor  of  pine- 
apples (from  butyric  ether) ;   oleomargarin  does  not  give 
any  marked  odor. 

(6)  Put  about  as  much  as  a   big   hickory  nut  of  the 
sample  into  a  beaker  nearly  filled  with  fresh  milk,  heat 
gently  until  the  fat  melts  and  spreads  over  the  surface 
of  the  milk,  now  remove  heat,  and  as  the  milk  cools  stir 
the  fat  continuously  with  a  splinter  of  wood  until  the 
fat   congeals.     At  congealing  point  Butter  will  granulate 


BUTTER.  147 

and  cannot  be  collected  in  one  mass;  oleomargarin  can 
easily  be  collected  in  one  lump.  The  distinction  is  very 
marked,  and  if  the  test  be  tried  on  a  sample  of  pure  But- 
ter first,  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  making  the  distinc- 
tion. Lard,  cottolene,  and  Butter  with  75  per  cent  or 
more  oleomargarin  will  behave  like  oleomargarin. 

(7)  Pour    the    melted    sample   on   fullers'   earth — azo- 
colors  will  color  the  mass  red,  the  coloring  being  soluble 
in  alcohol,  giving  a  yellow  color  with  sulfuric  acid,  becom- 
ing pink  when  diluted  with  water. 

(8)  Shake  5  gms.   (77  grs.)  of  the  sample  with  2  c.c. 
(32  minims)  carbon  disulfid  and  15  c.c.  (i  f.  oz.)  alcohol — 
the  color  will  be  dissolved  by  the  alcohol,  which  can  be 
evaporated  and  the  residue  tested.     A  green-blue  color 
with  sulfuric  acid  indicates  annatto;    a  brown  color  indi- 
cates boric  acid. 

(9)  Shake  a  small  quantity  of  the  Butter  in   alcohol 
and  set  aside  for  two  or  three  minutes;   then  decant  the 
alcohol  and  evaporate  it  over  a  spirit-lamp.     There  should 
be  no  non-volatilizable  residue,  the  Butter  should  yield 
nothing   to  the  alcohol.     In  case  the  Butter  is  colored 
with  annatto,  a  brownish-red  sediment  forms  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  dish,  which   is  changed  to  a  blue  color  by 
the  addition  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  22).     If  it  be  colored 
with  curcumin,  a  deep  rose-colored   residue  will  remain 
which  turns  brown  when  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid 
(Reagent  5),   and  an  intense  brown  when  treated  with 
potassium  carbonate  or  sodium  carbonate.     Saffron  pro- 
duces a  sediment  which  becomes  red  when  treated  with 
lead   subacetate,    and    carrots    produce   one   that   turns 
green  with  alkali. 

(10)  Place  a  heaping  teaspoonful  of  the  sample    in  a 
teacup,  add  a  couple  of  teaspoonfuls  of  hot  water,  and 
stand  the  cup  in  a  vessel  containing  a  little  hot  water 
until  the  Butter  is  thoroughly  melted.     Mix  the  contents 


148  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

of  the  cup  well  by  stirring  with  a  teaspoon  and  set  the 
cup  with  the  spoon  in  it  in  a  cold  place  until  the  Butter 
is  solid.  The  spoon  with  the  Butter  (which  adheres  to 
it)  is  now  removed  from  tl^e  cup  and  the  turbid  liquid 
remaining  strained  through  a  white  cotton  cloth,  or  bet- 
ter, through  filter-paper.  The  liquid  will  not  all  pass 
through  the  cloth  or  filter-paper,  but  a  sufficient  amount 
for  the  test  may  be  secured  readily.  About  a  teaspoon- 
ful  of  the  liquid  is  placed  in  any  dish  not  metal,  and 
5  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  added.  A  strip 
of  turmeric  paper  is  now  dipped  into  the  liquid  and  then 
held  in  a  warm  place — near  a  stove  or  lamp — till  dry. 
If  boric  acid  or  borax  was  present  in  the  sample,  the 
turmeric  paper  becomes  bright  cherry-red  when  dry.  A 
drop  of  household  ammonia  changes  the  red  color  to 
dark  green  or  greenish  black. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Calomel,  HgCl. 

Calomel  is  a  white,  impalpable  powder,  becoming  yel- 
lowish white  on  being  triturated  with  strong  pressure; 
it  is  odorless  and  tasteless  and  permanent  in  the  air; 
insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  or  ether,  and  also  in  cold 
dilute  acids.  When  strongly  heated  it  is  volatilized 
without  fusion  or  the  evolution  of  brown  vapors,  leaving 
no  appreciable  residue. 

(1)  Calomel    is    blackened    in    contact    with    calcium 
hydroxid  T.S.,  or  with  solutions  of  alkali-  hydroxids,  or 
with  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1). 

(2)  When  Calomel  is  heated  with   dried  sodium  car- 
bonate in  a  dry  test-tube,  it  yields  a  sublimate  of  metallic 
mercury. 

(3)  If   1   gm.    (15J  grs.)   of   Calomel   be   shaken  with 
10  c.c.   (162  minims)  of  water  or  alcohol,  and  the  mix- 
ture filtered,  neither  of  the  filtrates    should  respond  to 


CALOMEL.  149 

the  Time-limit  Test  for  heavy  metals  (see  Test  for  the 
Purity  of  Glycerin  (7)),  nor  should  any  appreciable 
residue  be  left  on  evaporation  (absence  of  soluble  impari- 
ties). 

(4)  If  2  gm.  (31  grs.)  of  Calomel  be  shaken  with  20  c.c. 
(324  minims)   of  ether,  filtered,  the  nitrate  evaporated, 
and   10  c.c.   (162  minims)  of  distilled  water    added,  not 
more  than  a  slight  opalescence  should  result  upon  the 
addition  of  silver   nitrate  T.S.  to  5  c.c.   (81  minims)  of 
the  nitrate,  and  no  change  in  color  should  be  produced 
upon  adding  a  few  drops  of  ammonium  sulfid  T.S.  to 
the  remainder  (absence  of  mercuric  chlorid). 

(5)  On  heating  a  portion  of  Calomel  in  a    test-tube 
with  potassium  hydroxid  T.S.,  it  should  not  evolve  ammo- 
nia;   and  if   another  portion  be  shaken  with  acetic  acid 
and  filtered,  the  nitrate  should  not  be  affected  by  hydrogen 
sulfid  T.S.  nor  by  silver  nitrate  T.S.   (distinction  from 
and  absence  of  ammoniated  mercury).  r 

(6)  If  to  0.5  gm.   (8  grs.)  of  Calomel  contained  in  a 
small  beaker,  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15) 
be  added,  and  the  mixture  evaporated  to  dry  ness  on  a 
water-bath,  and  if,  after  dissolving  the  residue  in  about 
25   c.c.    (405  minims)   of  distilled  water  and  5   c.c.    (81 
minims)  of  hydrochloric  acid   (Reagent  5),  the  solution 
be  completely  saturated  with  hydrogen  sulfid,   and   al- 
lowed to  stand  for  several  hours  in  a  well-corked  flask 
until  the  precipitate  has  subsided    and  then  filtered,  the 
filtrate  should  be  colorless,  and  leave  no  weighable  resi- 
due upon  evaporation  (absence  of  many  foreign  salts). 

(7)  If  the  precipitate  obtained  in  the  preceding  test  (6), 
after  washing  with  about  1000  c.c.  (3  f.  oz.,  183  minims) 
of  water   and    draining,  be   rinsed   into  a  beaker  with 
about  20    c.c.    (324  minims)   of  water  and    then  5   c.c. 
(81  minims)  of  stronger    ammonia-water  added,  and  if, 
after  covering  and  digesting  the  mixture  for  about  fifteen 


150  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

minutes  on  a  water-bath,  it  be  rinsed  upon  a  filter  and 
washed  with  a  little  water,  the  filtrate  and  washings, 
after  evaporating  to  dryness,  moistening  with  6  drops 
of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15),  and  again  drying,  should 
not  respond  to  the  Test  for  Arsenic  (see  Test  for 
Arsenic  (8)). 

Test  for  Purity  of  Canned  Peas,  Beans,  Spinach,  etc. 

(1)  Mash  some  of  the  sample  in  a  dish  with  a  stiff 
kitchen-spoon.  Place  a  teaspoonful  of  the  pulp  in  a  tea- 
cup with  three  teaspoonfuls  of  water  and  add  30  drops 
of  strong  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  with  a  medicine- 
dropper.  Set  the  cup  on  the  stove  in  a  saucepan  con- 
taining boiling  water.  Drop  a  bright  iron  brad  or  nail 
(wire  nails  are  the  best,  tin  carpet-tacks  will  not  answer 
the  purpose)  into  the  cup  and  keep  the  water  in  the  sauce 
pan  boiling  for  twenty  minutes,  stirring  the  contents  of 
the  cup  frequently  with  a  splinter  of  wood.  Pour  out 
the  contents  of  the  cup  and  examine  the  nail.  If  the 
sample  has  been  adulterated  with  bluestone,  the  nail 
will  be  plated  with  copper. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Castor-oil. 

Castor-oil  is  a  pale  yellowish  or  almost  colorless,  trans- 
parent, viscid  liquid,  having  a  faint,  mild  odor,  and 'a 
bland,  afterwards  .slightly  acrid  and  generally  offensive 
taste.  Specific  gravity:  0.945  to  0.965  at  25°  C.  Soluble 
in  an  equal  volume  of  alcohol,  and  in  all  proportions  in 
absolute  alcohol  or  in  .glacial  acetic  acid;  also  soluble 
at  25°  C.  in  3  times  its  volume  of  92.5  per  cent  alcohol 
(absence  of  more  than  about  5  per  cent  of  most  other 
fixed  oils).  With  an  equal  volume  of  petroleum  benzin 
it  forms  at  15°  C.  a  turbid  mixture,  but  at  17°  C.  it  yields 


CASTOR-OIL.  151 

a  clear  solution.  When  cooled  to  0°  C.  it  becomes  tur- 
bid, with  the  separation  of  crystalline  flakes,  and  at 
about  — 18°  C.  it  congeals  to  a  yellowish  mass. 

(1)  If  3  c.c.   (48  minims)  of  the  oil  be  shaken  for  a 
few  minutes  with  3  c.c.  (48  minims)  of  carbon  disulfid 
and   1  c.c.    (16  minims)   of  sulfuric   acid   (Reagent  21), 
the  mixture  should  not  acquire  a  blackish-brown  color 
(absence  of  foreign  oils). 

(2)  Cudbear   when   boiled   in  alcohol,  filtered,  evapo- 
rated to  dryness  and  heated  with  pure  Castor-oil  exhibits 
a  brilliant  orange,  fluorescent  light.     Camwood  yields  an 
apple-green,  while  turmeric  yields  a  vivid  emerald-green. 

(3)  If  1  volume  of  Castor-oil  is  agitated  with  2  volumes 
of  benzin  and  then  set  aside,  two  layers  are  formed  after 
several  hours,  standing,  the  lowe  rone  being  increased  at 
16°  C.  to  one-sixth  of  the  original  volume,  while  at  10°  C. 
it  is  increased  to  1.75.     A  certain  portion  of  the  benzin 
is  dissolved  by  the  Castor-oil,  while  a  much  smaller  por- 
tion  (about  one-thirtieth)  of  the   Castor-oil    dissolves  in 
the  benzin.     If  the    Castor-oil,  however,  is    adulterated 
with  other  fixed  oils,  a  clear    solution  may   form,  or,  if 
two  layers  are  formed,  the  lower  layer  will  be  less  than 
1.5  times  the  original    volume.    Taking  the   increase  in 
volume  when  operating  with    pure    Castor-oil  at   1.5,  if 
the  oil  is  adulterated  to  the  amount  of  10  per  cent,  the 
volume  will  be  1.0  to  1.2;  if  25  per  cent,  it  will  be  only 
about  0.4 

(4)  Castor-oil  is  specifically  one  of  the   heaviest   fixed 
oils,  and  when  dissolved  in  alcohol   is   rendered   lighter, 
so  that  any  foreign  oil  with  which  it  may  be  adulterated 
separates  to  the  bottom. 

(5)  Mix  1  volume  of  the  Castor-oil  to  be  tested  with 
2  volumes   of   alcohol   of  exactly  0.838  specific   gravity, 
heat,   and    stir  well  with    a  thermometer  till   complete 
solution.     In  the  case  of  pure  Castor-oil  this  will  be  be- 


*52  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

tween  38°  and  43°  C.,  possibly  lower  than  the  former; 
whilst  if  any  foreign  oil  be  present,  the  temperature  will 
be  much  higher,  and  in  gross  adulteration  some  oil  may 
not  be  dissolved  even  at  the  boiling-point  of  the  mixture. 

(6)  Castor-oil   treated   with  silver  nitrate  should  not 
give  a  red  color  (absence  of  cottonseed-oil). 

(7)  Rosin-oil  may  be  detected  in  Castor-oil  by  saponi- 
fication  and  agitation  of  the  aqueous  soap  solution  with 
ether,  separating  and  evaporating  the  ethereal  solution, 
when  the  rosin-oil  will  be  obtained. 

(8)  Pure  Castor-oil  is  colored  only  slightly  brown  with 
nitric  acid  of  specific  gravity  1.31,  while  the  acid  solu- 
tion remains  colorless;    in  the  presence  of  rosin-oil  the 
oily  layer  will  be  decidedly  dark-colored  (almost  black) 
and  the  acid  layer  will  be  of  a  brownish  color. 

(9)  Heat  the  Castor-oil  in  a  small  porcelain  dish;    a 
distinctive  odor  of   cocoanut-oil   indicates   its    presence 
as  an  adulterant. 

(10)  Make   a   test  solution  containing  5  parts  of  sil- 
ver nitrate    and   1  part  of  nitric  acid   (sp.  gr.  1.42)  in 
one  hundred  parts  of  alcohol  (sp.  gr.  0.838).     Pour  about 
6.5  gm.  (100  grs.)  of  the  oil  to  be  examined  into  a  dry 
test-tube  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  add  to  it  .648  gm. 
(10  grs.)  of  the  above  test  solution,  and  place  the  test- 
tube  in  boiling  water  for  five  minutes.     Pure  Castor-oil 
assumes  a  pale-yellow  color,  but  the  presence  of  cotton- 
seed-oil causes  it  to  become  deep  red. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Chloroform,  CHC13. 

Chloroform  is  prepared  by  heating,  over  a  water-bath, 
ethyl  alcohol  (C2H5OH)  with  bleaching-powder  (CaOCl2) 
in  a  large  flask  fitted  to  a  condenser.  It  is  a  heavy,  clear, 
colorless,  mobile,  and  diffusible  liquid,  of  a  characteristic 
ethereal  odor,  and  a  burning,  sweet  taste.  Specific 


CHLOROFORM.  153 

gravity  not  below  1.476  at  25°  C.  It  is  soluble  in  about 
200  times  its  volume  of  cold  water,  and  in  all  proportions 
in  alcohol,  ether,  benzin,  petroleum  benzin,  and  in  the 
fixed  and  volatile  oils.  Chloroform  is  volatile  even  at 
a  low  temperature,  and  boils  at  60°  to  61°  C.  It  is  not 
inflammable,  but  its  heated  vapor  burns  with  a  green 
flame.  It  is  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  If  10  c.c.   (162  minims)  of  Chloroform  be  poured 
upon  a  clean,  odorless  filter-paper  laid  flat  upon  a  warmed 
glass  plate,  and  the  plate  be  rocked  from  side  to  side 
until  the  liquid  is  all  evaporated,  no  foreign  odor  should 
become  perceptible  as  the  last  portions  disappear  from 
the  paper,  and  the  paper  should  be  left  odorless. 

(2)  If  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  Chloroform  be  well  shaken 
with  20  c.c.    (324  minims)   of  distilled  water,   and  the 
liquid  be  allowed  to  separate  completely,  the  water  should 
be  neutral  to  litmus  paper,  and  should  not  be  affected 
by  silver  nitrate  T.S.   (absence  of  chlorides),  nor  colored 
by  potassium  iodid  T.S.  (absence  of  free  chlorin). 

(3)  If  40  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.,  169  minims)  of  Chloroform  be 
shaken  with  4  c.c.  (64  minims)  of  colorless,  concentrated 
sulfuric    acid  (Reagent    21)  in  a  50   c.c.   (1   f.  oz.,  331 
minims)  glass-stoppered  cylinder  during  twenty  minutes^ 
and  the  liquids  be  then  allowed  to  separate  completely, 
so    that    both    are    transparent,    the   Chloroform   should 
remain  colorless,   and  the  acid   should   appear  colorless 
or  very  nearly  colorless,  when  seen  in  a  stratum  of  not 
less  than    15'  mm.    (•££$  inch)  in  thickness   (absence  of 
impurities  decomposable  by  sulfuric  acid). 

(4)  If  2  c.c.   (32  minims)   of  the  sulfuric  acid,  sepa- 
rated from  the  Chloroform,  be  diluted  with  5  c.c.   (81 
minims)   of  distilled  water,  the  liquid  should  be  color- 
less and  clear,  and,  while  hot  from  the  mixing,  should 
be  odorless,  or  give  but  a  faint  vinous  or  ethereal  odor 
(absence  of  odorous  decomposition  products).     When  fur- 


154  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

ther  diluted  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  distilled  water, 
it  should  remain  clear,  and  should  not  be  affected  by 
silver  nitrate  T.S.  (absence  of  chlorinated  decomposition 
compounds). 

(5)  Chloroform,  when    boiled  with   potassium-hydrate 
solution  containing  a  fragment  of  resorcin,  gives  an  intense 
red  color  (rosolic  acid). 

(6)  Add  a  drop  of  anilin  to  an  alcoholic  solution  of 
potassium    hydrate,    then    add    1    or    2    drops    of    the 
suspected  liquid  and  boil,   a  fearfully  offensive   odor  of 
phenylisocyanid  is  produced  if  Chloroform  is  present. 

(7)  When  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  of  a  5  per  cent  alcoholic 
solution  of  thymol  is  treated  with  a  drop  of  Chloroform 
and   a  fragment  of  caustic  potash  and  boiled,  the  mix- 
ture becomes  yellow,  then  red;  on  adding  1  c.c.  (16  minims) 
of  sulfuric   acid   (Reagent  21)   to  this  red  mixture   and 
again  heating,  a  very  intense  violet  color  is  obtained. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Cocoanut-oil. 

Pure  Cocoanut-oil  is  of  a  fine  white  color,  of  the  con- 
sistency of  lard  at  ordinary  temperatures,  becoming  solid, 
like  suet,  between  4.4°  and  10°  C.  and  liquid  at  about 
26.6°  C.;  it  has  a  bland  taste  and  a  peculiar,  not  dis- 
agreeable, odor.  It  is  readily  dissolved  by  alcohol. 

'  Test  for  the  Purity  of  Cod-liver  Oil. 

Cod-liver  Oil  is  a  pale  yellow,  thin,  oily  liquid,  having 
a  peculiar,  slightly  fishy,  but  not  rancid  odor,  and  a  bland, 
fishy  taste.  Specific  gravity  0.918  to  0.922  at  25°  C. 
Very  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  readily  soluble  in 
ether,  chloroform,  or  carbon  disulfid;  also  in  2.5  parts 
of  acetic  ether. 

(1)  If  1  drop  of  the  Oil  be  dissolved  in  20  drops  of 
chloroform  and  the  solution  shaken  with  1  drop  of  sul- 


COFFEE,  COPAIYA.  155 

furic  acid  (Reagent  21),  the  solution  will  acquire  a  vio- 
let-red tint,  rapidly  changing  to  rose-red  and  finally  to 
brownish  yellow. 

(2)  If    a    glass    rod     moistened    with     sulfuric    acid 
(Reagent  21)  be  drawn   through  a  few  drops  of  the  Oil 
on  a  porcelain  plate,  a  violet  color  will  be  produced. 

(3)  Cod-liver  Oil  should  be  only  very  slightly  acid  to 
blue  litmus  paper,  which  has  been  previously  moistened 
with  alcohol  (limit  of  free  fatty  acids). 

(4)  If  2  or  3  drops  of  fuming  nitric  acid  be  allowed 
to  flow  alongside  of  10  or  15  drops  of  the  Oil  contained 
in  a  watch-glass,  a  red  color  will  be  produced  at  the  point 
of   contact.     On  stirring  the  mixture  with  a  glass  rod, 
this   color   becomes   bright   rose-red,    soon    changing    to 
lemon-yellow   (distinction  from  seal-oil,  which   shows  at 
first  no   change  of  color,  and  from  other  fish-oils,  which 
become  at  first  blue  and  afterwards  brown  and  yellow). 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Coffee. 

(1)  Add  basic  acetate  of  lead  to  the  decoction,  filter, 
and   precipitate    the    excess  of   lead  by  means  of  sulfid 
of    hydrogen.     When    evaporating    the    clear    remaining 
liquid  you  may  crystallize  out  the  caffein,  if  the  decoc- 
tion contained  real  Coffee. 

(2)  Pour  freshly  made   chlorin-water   on   the  remnant 
of  a  dried-up  solution  of  the  Coffee  to  be  tested,  and  this, 
dried  again,  will  become  red   as  blood,  if  real  Coffee  is 
present.     This  test  is  very  delicate. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Copaiva. 

(1)  Mix  1  gm.  (9  minims)  of  pure  concentrated  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagent  22)  with  25  gms.  (7  f.  drs.)  of  absolute 
acetic  ether.  When  to  1  to  2  c,c.  (16  to  32  minims)  of 


156  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

this  solution  2  to  4  drops  of  the  Copaiva  are  added,  there 
should  appear  no  red  on  violet  coloration. 

(2)  If  1  volume  of  the  Copaiva  be  thoroughly  shaken 
with  3  or  4  volumes  of  water,  filtered  through  a  wetted 
filter  and  treated  with  an  equal  volume  of  hydrochloric 
acid  sp.  gr.  1.120,  no  pink  coloration  should  occur  within 
fifteen  minutes. 


Test  for  the  Purity  of  Cream  of  Tartar. 

(1)  As   found    in   commerce  Cream   of   Tartar  usually 
contains  from  2  to  5  per  cent  of  tartrate  of  lime;    and 
henoe  a  little  carbonate  of  lime  may  be  detected  in  black 
flux.     To  detect   the   tartrate   of   lime  digest   the   sus- 
pected Cream  of  Tartar  with  a  solution  of  caustic  ammo- 
nia, and  test  the  filtered  solution  with  ammonium  oxalate. 
A  white  precipitate  indicates  lime. 

(2)  If  the  Cream  of  Tartar  be  adulterated .  with  either 
alum  or  potassium  bisulfate,  the  fraud  may  be  detected 
by  barium    chlorid,   which   causes    a  white    precipitate 
(sulfate  of  baryta)  insoluble  in  nitric  acid. 

(3)  Sulfureted    hydrogen    and    solution    of    potassium 
ferrocyanid   should   produce  no  change  in  a  solution  of 
Cream  of  Tartar. 

(4)  Saturate  a  solution  of  Cream  of  Tartar  with  pure 
potassium   carbonate,    then    add    lime-water,    and    after- 
wards sal   ammoniac.      If  the  sal    ammoniac    does    not 
completely  dissolve,  the  precipitate  caused  by  the  lime- 
water,  racemate  of  lime,  is  present.     This  is  the  test  for 
raoemic  acid. 

(5)  Other  adulterants  of  Cream  of  Tartar  are  gypsum, 
chalk,  alum,  and  starch.     The  gypsum,  chalk,  and  alum 
may  be  detected  by  boiling  a  solution  of  the  Cream  of 
Tartar  with  oxalate    of  barium;    the  starch  by  adding 
iodin  to  a  cold  solution. 


GLYCERIN.  ,  157 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Glycerin.     Glycerol. 
CH2OH.CHOH-CH2OH. 

Glycerin  is  a  liquid  obtained  by  the  decomposition  of 
vegetable  or  animal  fats  or  fixed  oils.  It  is  a  clear 
colorless  liquid,  of  a  thick,  syrupy  consistence,  smooth 
to  the  touch,  odorless,  sweet  to  the  taste,  and  producing 
a  sensation  of  warmth  in  the  mouth;  when  exposed  to 
the  air  it  absorbs  moisture.  Specific  gravity  not  less 
than  1.250  at  15°  C.;  boils  at  165°  C.  It  is  soluble  in 
all  proportions  in  water  and  alcohol,  also  soluble  in  a 
mixture  of  3  parts  of  alcohol  and  1  part  of  ether,  but 
insoluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  carbon  disulfid,  petroleum 
benzin,  benzene,  and  fixed  and  volatile  oils.  An  aqueous 
solution  of  Glycerin  is  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  If  a  fused  bead  of   borax  on  a  loop  of  platinum 
wire  be   moistened  with  Glycerin  and  then  held  in  the 
edge  of  a  non-luminous  flame,  the  latter  will  be  tran- 
siently tinted  a  vivid  green. 

(2)  5  c.c.   (81   minims)  of  Glycerin  heated   to  boiling 
in  an  open  porcejain  or  platinum  dish  and   then  gently 
ignited  should  vaporize,  burn,  and  leave  not  more  than 
a  dark  stain,  which  on  stronger  heating  should  disappear 
entirely  (absence  of  mineral  impurities}. 

(3)  If  5  c.c.   (81  minims)  of  Glycerin  be  mixed  with 
50  c.c.   (1  f.  oz.,  331  minims)  of  water  and   10  drops  of 
hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  in  a  small  flask  and  heated 
for  half  an  hour  on  a  water-bath,  then  10  c.c.  (162  minims) 
of  the  hot  liquid,  mixed  with  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  sodium 
hydroxid  T.S.  and  1  c.c.   (16  minims)  of  alkaline  cupric 
tartrate  V.S.,  should  show  HO  yellowish-red  cloudiness  or 
precipitate  within  six  hours  (absence  of  sugars). 

(4)  If  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  Glycerin  be  mixed  with  an 
equal  volume  of  concentrated  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21) 
in  a  test-tube,  the  liquid  should  acquire,  on  standing  for 


158  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

one  hour,  a  color  not  darker  than  yellow   (absence  of 
readily  carbonizable  impurities). 

(5)  If  5  c.c.   (81  minims)  of  Glycerin  be  mixed  with 
the  same  volume  of  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  alcohol 
and  diluted    sulfuric   acid   and    gently  heated,   a  fruity 
odor  should  not  be  recognizable  (absence  of  butyric  acid). 

(6)  No  color,  cloudiness,  or  precipitate  should  appear 
when  separate  portions  of  an  aqueous  solution  of  Glycerin 
(1  in  10)  are  treated  with  barium  chloride  T.S.  (sulfuric 
acid),    calcium    chloride    T.S.   (oxalic    acid),    ammonium 
oxalate  T.S.  (calcium  salts),  silver  nitrate  T.S.  (chlorides)y 
or  silver  ammonium  nitrate  T.S.  (acrolein);    in  the  last- 
mentioned  case  the  test-tube,  loosely  stoppered  to  pro- 
tect it  from  impurities,  should  be  allowed  to  stand,  pro- 
tected from  light,  for  at  least  five  minutes. 

(7)  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  a  solution  of  Glycerin  in 
distilled  water  (1  in  20),  contained  in  a  test-tube  of  about 
40  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.,  331  minims)  capacity,  is  acidulated  with 
1  c.c.  (16  minims)  of  diluted  hydrochloric  acid,  warmed 
to  about  50°  C.,  and  an  equal  volume  of  freshly  prepared 
hydrogen    sulfid  T.S.   added,   and    the  mixture   allowed 
to  stand,  in  the  well-stoppered  test-tube,  in  a  warm  place, 
at  35°  C.  for  at  least  half  an  hour.     At  the  end  of  this 
time  any  coloration  or  turbidity  is  carefully  noted;  anti- 
mony yields  a  pale-yellow  to  orange  color  or  orange  pre- 
cipitate;   arsenic  yields    a   pale-yellow   color  or    yellow 
precipitate;  copper  yields  a  pale-brown  color  or  a  brownish- 
black  precipitate;    lead   yields  a   pale-brown  color  or  a 
black  precipitate;  zinc  yields  a  white  turbidity  or  white 
precipitate. 

(8)  5  c.c.    (81   minims)    of    the    aqueous    solution   of 
Glycerin    (1   in    10)   should  not   respond  to  the  test  for 
arsenic  (see  Test  for  Arsenic  (8)  ). 

'(9)  Pure  Glycerin   when   rubbed   between  the  fingers 
does  not  emit  a  fatty  smell. 


GOLD-LEAF,   GUM  SHELLAC,  HONEY.  i$9 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Gold-leaf. 

(1)  Put  a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)  upon 
a  piece  of  glass  and  place  thereon  a  small  piece  of  the 
Gold-leaf.     Pure  Gold-leaf  will   not  be  affected   by  the 
acid,  while  other  metals  that  may  be  mixed  with  it  will 
go  into  solution. 

(2)  Gold  should  dissolve  in  a  mixture  of  one  part  of 
nitric  acid  with  three  parts  of  hydrochloric  acid.     A  residue 
indicates  silver.     If  sulfuric  acid  is  added  to  the  solution, 
a  precipitate  indicates  lead.     One  quick  method  is  to 
determine  its  specific  gravity. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Gum  Shellac. 

(1)  Take  ten  parts  by  weight  of  the  suspected  article, 
five  parts  of  powdered  borax,  and  400  parts  by  weight  of 
water,  boil  until  a  complete  solution  is  had,  then  add 
enough  water  to  throw  down  all  impurities.  Collect  the 
precipitate  upon  a  cloth  filter,  wash  it  thoroughly  and 
dry.  The  dry  precipitate  must  not  amount  to  over  five 
per  cent  by  weight  of  the  amount  of  Shellac  used  and 
if  the  solution  is  cloudy  and  opalescent,  it  may  be  taken 
for  granted  that  the  Gum  Shellac  has  been  adulterated 
with  ordinary  rosin  or  crude  turpentine. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Honey. 

Honey  is  a  syrupy  liquid  of  a  light-yellowish  to  yel- 
lowish-brown color,  translucent  when  fresh,  but  gradually 
becoming  opaque  and  crystalline,  having  a  character- 
istic, aromatic  odor  and  a  sweet,  faintly  acrid  taste. 

When  recent  Honey  is  diluted  with  twice  its  weight 
of  water,  the  resulting  liquid  should  be  almost  clear,  not 
stringy,  and  should  have  a  specific  gravity  not  lower  than 


160  TESTS  FOR   PURITY. 

1.099  (corresponding  to  a  specific  gravity  of  1.370  for 
the  original  Honey).  When  Honey  is  incinerated  in 
small  portions  at  a  time  in  a  platinum  crucible,  it  should 
not  leave  more  than  0.3  per  cent  of  ash.  Honey  has  a 
faintly  acid  reaction,  due  to  formic  acid,  upon  litmus 
paper,  and  is  Isevogyrate. 

(1)  If  5  gm.  (77  grs.)  of  Honey  be  dissolved  in  20  gm. 
(308  grs.)  of  water,  a  clear  or  nearly  clear  solution  will 
result,  which  should  not  be  rendered  more  than  faintly 
opalescent  by  a  drop  of  silver  nitrate  T.S.  (limit  of  chlorides), 
or  of  barium  chloride  T.S.  (limit  of  sulfates). 

(2)  If  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  a  filtered  solution  of  the 
Honey  (1  in  4)  be  placed  in  a  test-tube  1  cm.  (-$&-  inch) 
in  diameter,  and  1  c.c.   (16  minims)  of  absolute  alcohol 
be  allowed  to  flow  down  the  walls  of  the  tube  held  in 
an  inclined  position,  so  as  to  form  an  overlying  layer, 
this  should  remain  clear,  and  the  line  of  contact  should 
not  show  more  than  barely  noticeable  opalescence,  which 
soon  disappears;   a  permanent  milky  zone  should  not  be 
produced  (absence  of  starch  sugar). 

(3)  If  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  pure  concentrated  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagent  21)  be  placed  in  a  test-tube  of  1  cm.  (T3^- 
inch)  diameter,  and  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  of  a  solution  of 
Honey  (1  in  4)  be  allowed  to  flow  upon  it  so  as  to  form 
a  distinct  upper  layer,  no  colored  line  of  contact  should 
show  at  once,  and  at  the  end  of  one  hour  the  zone  of 
contact  should  be  at  most  yellowish  or  clear  brown;    a 
brownish  color  becoming  nearly  black  at  the  end  of  half 
an  hour  should  not  develop  (absence  of  cane-sugar). 

(4)  On  boiling  1  part  of  Honey  with  5  parts  of  water, 
the   resulting   solution,   when   cold,   should   not   be   ren- 
dered blue  or  green  on  the  addition  of  iodin  T.S.  (absence 
of  starch). 

(5)  Gum   and   gelatin   are  detected  by  dissolving  the 
Honey  in  a  little  water,   and  evaporating  to  a  syrupy 


JAM,  JELLY,  MARMALADE,  AND  SAUSAGE.          161 

consistence,  when  these  adulterations  will  cause  the  mass 
to  gelatinize.  Gelatin  can  also  be  directly  precipitated 
by  tannic  acid.  Heating  with  quicklime  in  a  test-tube 
will  cause  vapor  of  ammonia  to  be  given  off  if  gelatin  is 
present. 

Test  for  the   Purity   of   Jam,   Jelly,   Marmalade,    and 
Sausage. 

(1)  Macerate  the  food  with  water  and  strain  through 
a  piece  of  white  cotton  cloth.     The  maceration  may  be 
performed  by  rubbing  in  a  teacup  or  other  convenient 
vessel  with  a  heavy  spoon.     Between   60   and    100  c.c. 
(2  and  3  f.  oz.)   of  the  liquid  obtained  from   the  food, 
as  described  above,  are  placed  in  a  narrow  bottle  holding 
150  c.c.   (5  f.  oz.),  about  a  quarter  of  a   teaspoonful  of 
cream  of  tartar  (or,  better,  a  few  drops  of  sulfuric  acid) 
is  added,  the  mixture  shaken  for  two  or  three  minutes, 
and  filtered  into  a  second  small  bottle.     Three  or  four 
tablespoonfuls  of  chloroform  are  added  to  the  clear  liquid 
in  the  second  bottle,  and  the  liquids  mixed  by  a  some- 
what vigorous  rotary  motion,   poured  into  an  ordinary 
glass  tumbler,  and  allowed  to  stand  till   the  chloroform 
settles  out  in   the  bottom.     Shaking  is   avoided,   as  it 
causes  an  emulsion  which  is  difficult  to  break  up.     As 
much   as   possible   of   the  chloroform   layer  is  removed 
(without  any  admixture  of  the  aqueous  liquid)  by  means 
of  a  medicine  dropper  and  placed  in  a  test-tube  with 
about  an  equal  amount  of  water  and  a  small  fragment — a 
little  larger  than  a  pinhead — of  iron  alum.     The  mixture 
is  thoroughly  shaken  and  allowed  to  stand  till  the  chlo- 
roform again  settles  to    the    bottom.     The  presence  of 
salicylic   acid   is  indicated  by   the   purple   color   of    the 
upper  layer  of  liquid. 

(2)  Extract   the    sample    with    chloroform    as    in    (1); 
remove  the  chloroform  layer  and  place  it  in  a  white  saucer, 


162  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

or,  better,  in  a  plain  glass  sauce-dish.  Set  a  basin  of 
water — as  warm  as  the  hand  can  bear — on  the  outside 
window  ledge  and  place  the  dish  containing  the  chloro- 
form extract  in  it,  closing  the  window  until  the  chloro- 
form has  completely  evaporated.  Benzoic  acid,  if  present 
in  considerable  amount,  will  now  appear  in  the  dish  in 
characteristic  flat  crystals.  On  warming  the  dish  the  un- 
mistakable irritating  odor  of  benzoic  acid  may  be  obtained. 
This  method  will  detect  benzoic  acid  in  tomato  catsup 
or  other  articles  in  which  it  is  used  in  large  quantities. 

(3)  If  the  sample  contains  insoluble  material,  as  sausage, 
it  may  be  treated  with  sufficient  water  to  dissolve  the 
soluble  portion  with  the  formation  of  a  thin  liquid  and 
filtered,  and  then  strained  through  a  clean  white  cotton 
cloth  to  separate  the  insoluble  portion.  About  a  half 
teacupful  of  the  liquid  is  heated  to  boiling,  after  adding 
a  few  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  and  a  small 
piece  'of  white  woolen  cloth  or  a  few  strands  of  white 
woolen  yarn.  (Before  using,  the  wool  should  be  boiled 
with  water  containing  a  little  soda,  to  remove  any  fat 
it  may  contain,  and  then  washed  with  water.)  The  wool 
is  again  washed,  first  with  hot  and  then  with  cold  water, 
the  water  pressed  out  as  completely  as  possible,  and  the 
color  of  the  fabric  noted.  If  no  marked  color  is  produced, 
the  test  may  be  discontinued  and  the  sample  considered 
free  from  artificial  colors.  If  the  fabric  is  colored,  rinse 
it  in  hot  water,  and  then  boil  for  two  or  three  minutes 
in  about  one-third  of  a  teacupful  of  water  and  two  or 
three  teaspoonfuls  of  household  ammonia.  It  turns 
purple  or  blue  if  the  sample  has  been  artificially  colored 
with  an  anilin  dye. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Lactic  Acid. 

(1)  Take  1  volume  of  the  suspected  Acid  and  add 
about  10  volumes  of  ether;  this  serves  to  throw  out  of 


LAMPBLACK.  163 

solution  glycerin  or  syrup,  because  these  are  immiscible 
with  ether.  If  it  contains  these,  the  mixture  will  have 
a  milk-like  color,  and  the  syrup  or  glycerin  will  settle 
to  the  bottom  on  standing.  The  upper  layer  will  consist 
of  the  ether  and  Lactic  Acid,  and  the  lower  layer  of  either 
glycerin  or  syrup.  Now  separate  the  lower  layer  by  means 
of  a  separating -funnel  or  pipette,  place  it  in  a  crucible, 
bring  it  to  the  boiling-point,  and  ignite;  if  it  chars,  it 
shows  the  presence  of  sugar,  and  if  it  burns  and  leaves 
a  black  stain  it  shows  the  presence  of  glycerin. 

(2)  On  adding  a  few  drops  of  Lactic  Acid  to  hot  Feh- 
ling's  solution  no  red  cuprous  oxide  should  be  separated 
(absence  of  sugar). 

(3)  If  a  small  portion  of  the  acid  be  heated  with  an 
excess  of  zinc  carbonate,  the  mixture  dried  at  100°  C., 
and  then  extracted  with  absolute  alcohol,  upon  evapora- 
tion of  the  latter  no  sweet  residue  should  remain  (absence 
of  glycerin). 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Lampblack. 

Lampblack  is  a  smoke  produced  by  burning  (with  a 
limited  supply  of  oxygen)  oils,  gases,  etc.,  rich  in  carbon. 
The  smoke  thus  produced,  by  means  of  a  sluggish  draught, 
is  conducted  into  condensing  chambers,  in  which,  after 
some  hours,  the  particles  which  are  in  an  exceedingly 
finely  divided  state  deposit.  True  Lampblack,  therefore, 
must  be  a  smoke  and  is  not  a  residue  or  charcoal,  conse- 
quently, no  air-floated  pigment  is  or  can  be  in  a  more 
finely  Divided  state  than  true  Lampblack. 

Most  of  the  substitutes  and  the  materials  used  in 
adulterating  Lampblack  are  mineral  or  shale  blacks, 
wood  charcoal,  coal,  and  coke-dust,  chemical  residues, 
by-products,  etc.  Some  of  these  are  blacker  than  pure 
Lampblack,  but  all  lack  its  marked  characteristics. 


164  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

The  simple  tests  here  given  will  enable  purchasers  and 
users  of  black  pigments  to  detect  spurious  substitutes 
branded  Lampblack  from  true  Lampblack;  also  the  adul- 
teration in  Lampblack,  besides  determining  the  relative 
value  of  two  Lampblacks  as  to  color,  covering,  spread- 
ing, tinctorial  power,  etc. 

(1)  The  best  test  of  permanency  is  time  and  actual 
wear  and  tear,  but  the  following  will  be  of  assistance  in 
estimating   durability:     Upon   the   dry   pigment   pour   a 
few  drops  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21);  if  an  effervescence 
occurs,   you   may   be   quite  sure  that  the   black  is   not 
pure  Lampblack,  or  that  some  adulterant  has  been  used. 
If  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  or  a  strong  solution  of  ammo- 
nia or  caustic  soda  (Reagent  20)  makes  the  color  bleed 
or  run,  and,  when  dried,  the  pigment  has  been  robbed 
of  color,  you  may  be  satisfied  the  color  is  fugitive  and 
not  durable. 

(2)  Take  the  samples  of  black  pigment  and   mix  in 
grain-alcohol,   then,    with  a    camel's-hair  brush,   spread 
upon  a  slip  of  glass;   when  the  blacks  are  so  spread,  hold 
the  glass  before  a  strong  light.     Pure  Lampblack  will  be 
found   to  perfectly   cover  the  glass   and  be  impervious 
to  light,  while  the  adulterated  black  or  spurious  black 
will  not  be  opaque,  for  the  particles  forming  the  pigment, 
not  being  in  a  finely  divided  state,  will  not  form  a  dense 
black  mass. 

(3)  An  absolute  test  for  purity  and  detection  of  an 
adulterant  in  Lampblack  is  obtained  by  burning  out  the 
black  in  a  porcelain  crucible  over  the  gas-flame  of  a  Bun- 
sen  burner.     Coke,  residue,  etc.,  or  any  impurity  or  adul- 
teration of  Lampblack  will  remain  in  the  crucible  in  the 
form  of  ash;    that  black  which  contains  the  largest  per- 
centage of  ash  will  be  the  least  permanent  in  color,  and 
paint  made  with  it  will  not  go  so  far  nor  last  as  long  as 
that  made  with  a  pure  Lampblack  which  contains  abso- 
lutely no  ash. 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

LARD,  LINSEED-OIL.  165 

Upon  a  piece  of  white  blotting-paper  put  a  few 
grains  of  Lampblack,  and  slowly  pour  on  sufficient  sul- 
furic  ether  to  wet  the  blotting-paper  beyond  the  surface 
covered  by  the  black.  If  the  black  contains  any  free 
oil,  the  paper  around  the  black  disk  will  be  discolored  a 
brownish  yellow. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Lard. 

(1)  Pure   Lard    melted    and    mixed   with    strong    sul- 
furic  acid  (Reagent  21)  or  nitric   acid  (Reagent  15)  will 
give  only  a  slight  color,  which  may  be  yellowish,  pinkish, 
or  inclined  to  light  brownish.     Cottonseed-oil  and  other 
seed-oils  and  mixtures  containing  them,  similarly  treated, 
yield  any  color  between  yellowish  brown  and  very  brown- 
ish black  or  even  black. 

(2)  With  nitrate  of  silver  solution  pure  Lard  causes 
no  more  than  the  very  slightest   amount  of  reduction, 
and  generally  none  at  all,  but   cottonseed-oil    causes  a 
very  marked  reduction  of  the  salt  to  the  metallic  state, 
with  the  result  that  the  mixture  has  a  brownish  or  black 
appearance  from  the  minute  black  particles  formed. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Linseed-oil. 

Linseed-oil,  if  pure,  should  weigh  very  closely  to  7f 
pounds  per  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches  in  the  crude  or 
raw'  state,  and  a  good  fire  or  kettle-boiled  Linseed-oil 
about  7  pounds  13  ounces  to  7  pounds  14  ounces  per 
gallon.  The  commercial  custom,  however,  is  to  sell  Lin- 
seed-oil by  the  gallon,  taking  it  at  7|  pounds. 

(1)  Pure  Linseed-oil  placed  on  the  tongue  has  a  pecu- 
liar bland  taste,  finally  creating  a  slight  irritation.  If 
mixed  with  fish-oil,  even  in  small  proportions,  the  taste 
becomes  nauseating;  with  mineral-oil  or  rosin-oil  the 
taste  is  such  that  the  sensation  will  adhere  to  the  tongue 


166  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

for  a  day  or  two.  If  mixed  with  corn-oil,  the  taste  is 
nearly  sweet  and  rather  pleasant.  With  cottonseed-oil 
it  is  somewhat  like  lard,  though  not  as  pleasant. 

(2)  Pure  raw  Linseed-oil  when  briskly  rubbed  between 
the  palms  of  the  hands  must  heat  quickly,  give  a  sort  of 
whitish  lather,  and  emit  the  characteristic  odor  of  linseed- 
meal.     When  adulterated  with  fish-oil,  the  odor  is  nau- 
seating in  tne  extreme,  no  matter  how  much  the  fish- 
oil  in  the  mixture  has  been  deodorized.     With  rosin-oil 
or  mineral-oil  the  odor  is  certain  to  reveal  the  charac- 
teristics of  either  of  these  on  the  hands  becoming  warmed 
up  by  friction. 

With  corn-oil  the  mealy  odor  cannot  be  mistaken,  and 
with  cottonseed-oil  the  lard-like  smell  will  be  apparent. 

(3)  The  presence  of  mineral-oil  or  rosin-oil  in  Linseed- 
oil,  even  in  the  so-called  debloomed  grades,  can  be  readily 
detected  by  dropping  a  small  portion  of  the  suspected 
oil  on  a  strip  of  glass  that  has  been  painted  with  a  strong 
black  paint,  preferably   lampblack,  not  too  glassy,  and 
alongside  of  it  a  similar  portion  of  pure  raw  Linseed-oil. 
No  matter  how  small  the  percentage  of  adulteration  may 
be,  the  sophisticated  article  will  show  a  decidedly  blue- 
gray  color  which  in  the  case  of  mineral-oil,  in  strong  sun- 
light especially,  will  be  very  marked. 

(4)  Equal  parts  of  the  suspected  oil  and  nitric  acid, 
1.40  sp.  gr.,  are  placed  into  a  test-tube  and  shaken  very 
thoroughly,  then  stood  aside  until  two  strata  have  formed 
in  the  tube  on  the  separation  of  the  oil  and  acid,  which 
will  take  place  in  from  ten  to  fifteen  minutes,  and  the 
color  of  the  two  strata  is  observed.     When  the  oil  is  pure 
linseed,   the   upper  stratum  is  a  light  cinnamon-brown, 
the  lower  colorless  in  the  case  of  raw  oil;   while  in  boiled 
oil   the   upper   stratum  may  be  a  trifle  darker,  but   the 
lower  must   also  be  colorless.      When  adulterated   with 
rosin-oil,  the  upper  stratum  will  be  found  dark  olive  to 


MENTHOL,  MILK.  167 

black,  and  the  lower  from  straw  to  orange,  according  to 
the  percentage  of  rosin-oil  that  may  be  present.  When 
fish-oil  is  present,  the  upper  stratum  will  vary  from  brown 
to  a  brown-black,  the  lower  one  from  a  light  to  a  dark- 
orange  shade,  according  to  the  quantity  of  fish-oil.  When 
Linseed-oil  is  mixed  with  cottonseed-oil,  the  upper  stratum 
will  turn  reddish  brown,  the  lower  one  very  pale  yellow, 
more  or  less  so,  according  to  the  quantity  of  cottonseed- 
oil  present. 

(5)  Shake  the  suspected   oil  with   concentrated   solu- 
tion of  potash  or  soda  containing  a  little  grain-alcohol, 
and  then  add  warm  water  and  shake  again.     Allow  to 
stand  for  half  an  hour,  and  if  any  petroleum  (paraffin- 
oil)  is  present  it  will  separate  from  the  soap  and  float 
on  top. 

(6)  Pure  raw  Linseed-oil  has  a  straw-yellow  color,  boils 
at  130°  C.,  and  congeals  at  —27.5°  C.;  its  specific  gravity 
is  0.930  to  0.935. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Menthol. 

(1)  The  Menthol  is  exhausted  several  times  with  chloro- 
form until  the  latter  no  longer  takes  up  any  more  of  it; 
the  crystals  of  magnesium  sulfate  (the  usual  adulterant) 
remain  behind  in  their  natural  state  after  the  chloroform 
with  which  they  are  impregnated  has  evaporated,  and 
can  easily  be  identified. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Milk. 

(1)  Besides  the  common  method  of  diluting  Milk  with 
water,  another  species  of  adulteration  has  recently  been 
detected.  It  is  now,  frequently  sophisticated  with  dex- 
trin. This  fraud  can  easily  be  detected  by  means  of 
a  solution  of  iodin;  if  the  specimen  contains  the  small- 
est quantity  of  dextrin,  it  will  acquire  a  red  color. 


1 68  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

(2)  A  German  chemist  furnishes  a  very  simple  proce- 
dure for  testing  the  amount  of  water  in  Milk.     All  that 
is  required  is  a  small  quantity  of  plaster  of  Paris,  say 
1  ounce.     This  is  mixed  with  the  Milk  to  a  stiff  paste  and 
then   allowed   to   stand.     With   Milk    of    1.030    specific 
gravity  and   a  temperature  of   15.5°  C.,  it  will    harden 
in  ten  hours;    if  25%  of  water  is  present,  in   two  hours; 
if  50%,  in  one  hour  and  a  half;   and  with  75%,  in  thirty 
minutes.      Skimmed   Milk  which  has  been  standing  for 
twenty-four   hours   and  is  of   1.033  specific  gravity  sets 
in  four  hours;  with  50%  of  water  in  one  hour;   and  with 
75%  in  30  minutes.     Heat  should  not  be  applied,  as  then 
the  use  of  the  thermometer  would  be  required. 

(3)  To  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  the  Milk  to   be   tested 
add  1  c.c.    (16   minims)   of    fuchsin    sulfurous  acid,  and 
allow  to  stand  five  minutes;   then  add   2  c.c.  (32  minims) 
of  pure  hydrochloric  acid   (Reagent  5)    and    shake.     If 
formaldehyde  is  not  present,  the  mixture  remains  yellow- 
ish white,   while,   if  present,  a  blue-violet  color  is  pro- 
duced.   This  test  will  detect  0.02  gm.   (J  gr.)  of  anhy- 
drous formaldehyde  in  one  litre  (34  f.  oz.)  of  Milk. 

(4)  The  reaction  of  pure  fresh  Milk  is  neutral  or  faintly 
acid;   a  Milk  of  alkaline  reaction  would  suggest  the  addi- 
tion of   alkaline   carbonates   or  bicarbonates,   or  borax, 
as  preservatives.     The  reaction  may  be  taken  with  good 
litmus  paper,  or  by  floating  a  solution  of  litmus  on  the  Milk. 

(5)  The  specific  gravity  of  pure  fresh  Milk  varies  from 
1.029  to  1.035,  and  should  be  taken  at  15.5°  C.,  or  reduced 
to  this  standard. 

(6)  Add    1    or    2    drops    of    a    1    per    cent    aqueous 
solution  of  phenol  to  a  few  cubic  centimetres  of  distil- 
late from  the  Milk  and  pour  the  mixture  gently  on  con- 
centrated sulfuric   acid    (Reagent  21)   in  a  test-tube — a 
bright-crimson  color  appears  at  the  point  of  contact  if 
formaldehyde  is  present. 


MILK.  169 

(7)  Make  three  solutions:  A,   Phenylhydrazin  hydro- 
chlorate    0.5    per   cent   in   distilled    water;     B,   sodium 
nitroprussiate  0.5  gm.  (8  grs.)  in  30  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.)  water; 
C,  liquor  sodse  U.  S.  P.     To  15  c.c.  (J  f.  oz.)  of  Milk  add 
10  drops  of  A,  mix,  add  3  drops  of  B,  put  into  a  test-tube, 
and  let  5  drops  of  C  run  down  the  sides — in  the  presence 
of  even  traces  of  formaldehyde  a  blue  color  is  instantly 
produced,  gradually  changing  on  standing  to  red. 

(8)  A  very  simple  test  is  to  pour  a  few  cubic  centi- 
metres of  Milk  onto  a  few  grams  of  powdered  potassium 
sulfate  in  a  flask,  and  gradually  pour  in  strong  sulfuric 
acid  (Reagent  21).     If  formaldehyde  is  present,  a  violet 
color  will  appear  instead  of  the  brownish  black  of  pure 
Milk. 

(9)  Add   0.5   gm.    (8   grs.)    of    powdered    ammonium 
molybdate  to  I'O  c.c  (162  minims)  of  the  Milk,  then  add 
10  c.c.   (162   minims)    of   10   per  cent  hydrochloric  acid 
and  heat  in  a  test-tube,  an  intense  blue  color  indicates 
the  presence  of  cane-sugar. 

(10)  Formic    aldehyde  in   Milk   may  be  detected   by 
the  following  method:    100  c.c.  (3  f.  oz.)  of  the  Milk  are 
carefully  distilled  until  20  c.c.  (324  minims)  of  distillate 
are  obtained;   this  is  transferred  to  a  stoppered  tube  and 
5   drops    of    ammonio-nitrate   of   silver   solution   added. 
(This  solution  is  prepared  by  dissolving  1  gm.  (15^  grs.) 
of  silver  nitrate  in  30  c.c  (1  f.  oz.)  distilled  water,  adding 
dilute  ammonia-water  until   the  precipitate  first  formed 
is  re,dissolved,  avoiding  an  excess;    then  making  up  to 
50  c.c.  (1.69  f.  oz.)  with  distilled  water.)     The  mixture 
of  milk  distillate   and   silver  is   now  allowed   to  stand 
several  hours  (6  to  18)  in  a  dark  place,  when,  if  formic 
aldehyde  is  present,  a  strong  black  color  or  deposit  will 
be  produced.     A  light-brown  color  should  be  disregarded, 
and  heating  is  useless.     Pure  Milk  when  so  treated  gives 
no  reaction. 


1 70  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

(11)  2  or  3  tablespoonfuls  of  the  Milk  are  placed  in  a 
bottle  with  twice  that  amount  of  a  solution  of  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  alum  in  a  pint  of  water,  shaken  vigorously, 
and  filtered  through  filter-paper.     About  a  teaspoonful 
of  the  filtrate  is  placed  in  any  dish,  not  metal,  and  5 
drops  of  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  added.     A  strip 
of  turmeric  paper  is  now  dipped  into  the  liquid  and  then 
held  in  a  warm  place — near  a  stove  or  lamp — till  dry.     If 
boric  acid  or  borax  was  present  in  the  sample,]the  turmeric 
paper  becomes  bright  cherry-red  when  dry.     A  drop  of 
household  ammonia  changes  the  red  color  to  dark  green 
or  greenish  black. 

(12)  3  or  4  tablespoonfuls  of  the  sample  are  placed  in 
a  teacup  with  at  least  an  equal  amount  of  strong  hydro- 
chloric acid  (Reagent  5)  and  a  piece  of  ferric  alum  about 
as  large  as  a  pinhead,  the  liquids  being  mixed  by  a  gentle 
rotary  motion.    The  cup  is  then  placed  in  a  vessel  of 
boiling  water,  no  further  heat  being  applied y  and  left 
for  five  minutes.     At  the  end  of  this  time,  if  formal- 
dehyde be  present,  the  mixture  will  be  distinctly  purple. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Olive-oil. 

Olive-oil  is  a  pale  yellow  or  light  greenish-yellow  oily 
liquid^  having  a  slight  peculiar  odor  and  a  nut-like 
oleaginous  taste,  with  a  faintly  acrid  after-taste.  Specific 
gravity  0.910  to  0.915  at  25°  C.  It  is  very  sparingly 
soluble  in  alcohol,  but  readily  soluble  in  ether,  chloroform, 
or  carbon  disulfid.  When  cooled  to  from  8°  to  10°  C. 
Olive-oil  becomes  somewhat  cloudy  from  the  separation 
of  crystalline  particles,  and  at  0°  C.  it  forms  a  whitish, 
granular  mass. 

(1)  If  50  gms.  (1  f.  oz.,  331  minims)  of  pure  Olive-oil 
are  placed  in  a  graduated  cylinder  capable  of  holding 
150  c.c.  (5  f.  oz.,  34  minims),  the  temperature  ascertained, 


OLIYE-O1L.  171 

and  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  concentrated  sulfuric  acid 
(Reagent  21)  gradually  added  from  a  pipette  and  inti- 
mately mixed  with  the  oil  by  stirring  for  a  few  minutes, 
the  maximum  degree  of  heat  will  rise  to  42°  C. 

(2)  If  2  c.c  (32  minims)  of  Olive-oil  be  shaken  vigor- 
ously with  an  equal  volume  of  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.37), 
the  oil  should  retain  a  light-yellow  color,  not  becoming 
orange  or  reddish  brown,  and  after  standing  for  six  hours 
should  change  into  a  yellowish-white  solid  mass  and  an 
almost  colorless  liquid  (absence  of  appreciable  quantities 
of  cottonseed-oil  and  most  other  seed-oils). 

(3)  If  5  c.c.   (81  minims)    of   Olive-oil  be  thoroughly 
shaken  in  a  test-tube  with  5  c.c.  (81  minims)  of  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  silver  nitrate   (made  by  dissolving  0.1  gm. 
(1J  grs.)  of  silver  nitrate  in  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  alcohol 
and  adding  2  drops  of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15)),  and  the 
mixture  be  heated  for  about  five  minutes  in  a  water- 
bath,  the  oil  should  retain  its  original    pale  color,  not 
becoming  reddish  or  brown,  nor  should  any  dark  color 
be  produced  at  the  line  of  contact  of  the  two  liquids 
(absence  of  more  than  about  5  per  cent  of  cottonseed-oil). 

(4)  If  2  c.c.   (32  minims)  of   Olive-oil  be   mixed  in  a 
test-tube   with   2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  equal  volumes  of 
amyl  alcohol  and  carbon  disulfid  containing  1  per  cent 
of  sulfur  in  solution,  and  the  test-tube  be  immersed  to 
one-third   or  one-half  its  depth  in    boiling   salt  water, 
no  reddish  color  should  develop  in  from  ten  to  fifteen 
minutes  (absence  of  cottonseed-oil). 

(5)  If  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  Olive-oil  be   mixed  with 
1  c.c.    (16  minims)   of  hydrochloric   acid   (sp.  gr.   1.18) 
containing  1  per  cent  of  sugar,  and  the  mixture  shaken 
for  half  a  minute  and  allowed  to  stand  for  five  minutes, 
and  then  3  c.c.  (48  minims)  of  water-  added,  and  the 
whole  again  shaken,  the  acid  layer  should  not  show  a 
pink  color  (absence  of  sesame-oil). 


172  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

(6)  If  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  Olive-oil  be  shaken 
frequently  during  two  hours  with  a  freshly  prepared 
solution  of  1  gm.  (15  J  grs.)  of  mercury  in  3  c.c.  (48  min- 
ims) of  nitric  acid  (Reagent  15),  a  perfectly  solid  mass 
of  a  pale  straw  color  will  be  obtained. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Rhubarb. 

(1)  Moderately  heat  0.1  gm.  (1J  grs.)  of  the  powdered 
Rhubarb  with  20  drops  of  Olive-oil  for  one  minute. 
On  placing  1  drop  of  the  mixture  on  a  piece  of  white 
filter  papering,  a  characteristic  yellow  ring  will  denote 
the  presence  of  curcuma.  If  the  Rhubarb  is  pure,  the 
ring  will  have  a  scarcely  perceptible  yellowish  tint. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Saffron. 

(1)  Concentrated  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21)  is  the  surest 
means  of  testing  Saffron.  The  stigmas  of  the  genuine 
article  will  immediately  assume  an  indigo  color,  which 
changes  quickly  into  dark  red  and  brown,  while  the  leaves 
of  Crocus  vernus,  the  most  common  adulteration  of  Saffron, 
are  colored  dark  green. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Soap. 

(1)  Carefully  weigh  a  piece  of  the  Soap  to  be  tested, 
cut  it  into  thin  chips  or  slices,  then  place  it  into  soft  water 
to  which  has  been  added  a  handful  of  table  salt,  set  the 
pot  on  a  slow  fire  until  it  comes  to  a  boil.  Keep  boiling 
until  all  the  Soap  is  dissolved,  then  set  away  to  cool.  The 
Soap  eventually  separates  from  the  water,  is  then  col- 
lected, allowed  to  dry,  and  reweighed.  The  loss  in  weight 
represents  the  amount  of  foreign  matter  present  in  the 
Soap. 


SUGAR.  173 


Tests  for  the  Purity  of  Sugar. 

Sugar  is  white,  dry,  hard,  distinctly  crystalline  granules, 
odorless,  and  having  a  purely  sweet  taste.  Permanent  in 
the  air.  The  aqueous  solution,  saturated  at  25°  C.,  has  a 
specific  gravity  of  about  1.340,  is  miscible  with  water  in  all 
proportions,  and  should  be  colorless.  Soluble  in  0.46 
part  of  water,  and  in  137.2  parts  of  alcohol  at  25°  C. ; 
in  0.2  parts  of  boiling  water,  and  in  28  parts  of  boiling 
alcohol;  also  soluble  in  80  parts  of  boiling  absolute  alcohol, 
but  insoluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  or  carbon  disulfid. 
The  aqueous  or  alcoholic  solution  of  Sugar  is  neutral  to 
litmus  paper. 

(1)  Both   the  aqueous   and   the  alcoholic   solution  of 
Sugar  should  be  clear  and  transparent.     When  kept  in 
large,  well-closed,  and  completely  filled  bottles,  the  solu- 
tions should  not  deposit  a  sediment  on  prolonged  standing 
(absence  of  insoluble  salts,  ultramarine,  Prussian  blue,  etc.). 

(2)  If  1  gm.  (15J  grs.)  of  Sugar  be  dissolved  in  10  c.c. 
(162  minims)  of  boiling  water,  the  solution  mixed  with 
4  or  5  drops  of  silver  nitrate  T.S.,  then  about  2  c.c.  (32 
minims)  of  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)  added,  and  the 
liquid   quickly   brought   to   the  boiling-point,   not   more 
than  a  slight  coloration,  and  no  black  precipitate,  should 
appear  in  the  liquid  after  standing  at  rest  for  five  minutes 
(absence  of  glucose,  and  of  more  than  a  slight  amount  of 
inverted  sugar] . 

(3)  Cane-sugar  may  be  distinguished  from  grape-sugar 
by  Trommer's  test,  which  consists  in  the  use  of   copper 
sulfate  and  caustic  potassa.     If  a  solution  of  cane-sugar 
be  mixed  with  a  solution  of  copper  sulfate,  and  potassa 
added  in  excess,  a  deep-blue  liquid  is  obtained,  which  on 
being  heated  lets  fall,  after  a  time,  a  little  red  powder. 
A  solution  of  grape-sugar,  similarly  treated,  yields,  by 


174  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

heat,  a  copious  greenish  precipitate,  which  rapidly  changes 
to  scarlet  and  eventually  to  dark  red. 

(4)  When  a  liquid  containing  grape-sugar  is  boiled  with 
sodium   carbonate   and   some   basic   bismuth   nitrate,    a 
gray  coloration  or  blackening  of  reduced  bismuth  is  pro- 
duced.    Cane-sugar,  similarly  treated,  has  no  effect  on 
the  test. 

(5)  In  carbon  tetrachlorid,  obtained  by  decomposing 
carbon  disulfid  by  chlorin  and  aqueous  vapor,  a  new  test 
is  found  for  distinguishing  glucose  from  cane-sugar.     This 
test,  mixed  with  cane-sugar  in  a  test-tube,  kept  for  some 
time  near  100°  C.,  causes  a  darkening  till  it  becomes  black. 
Glucose  undergoes  no  such  change. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Sulfonal. 

(1)  Pure  Sulfonal  should  be  perfectly  white  and  in- 
odorous, it  should  have  no  appreciable  bitter  taste,  its 
melting-point  should  be  125.5°  C.,  and  should  not  deviate 
from  this  by  more  than  0.2°  C.  A  saturated  aqueous 
solution  should  be  without  effect  at  ordinary  temperature 
on  a  TV  %  solution  of  potassium  permanganate;  and  when 
1  gm.  (15J  grs.)  is  boiled  in  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  water, 
no  odor  should  be  produced;  if  there  be  any,  it  is  probably 
due  to  mercaptol. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Tragacanth. 

(1)  A  1 :30  solution  of  the  suspected  gum,  made  without 
heat,  is  mixed  with  an  equal  volume  of  a  1:100  aqueous 
solution  of  guaiacol;  a  drop  of  hydrogen  peroxid  is  then 
added,  and  the  mixture  shaken.  If  acacia  is  present,  the 
mixture  rapidly  acquires  a  brown  color,  whereas  if  the 
Tragacanth  is  pure,  the  mixture  remains  colorless. 


TURPENTINE.  175 


Test  for  the  Purity  of  Turpentine. 

(1)  Drop  a  small  quantity  on  a  piece  of  white  paper, 
expose  it  to  the  air,  and  if  the  Turpentine  is  pure,  no 
traces  will  be  left.     If  oil  or  other  foreign  matter  is  present, 
the  paper  will  be  greasy  or  soiled. 

(2)  Put   10  drops    of    the  suspected  Turpentine  on  a 
slightly  concave  watch-glass,  allowing  the  glass  to  swim 
upon  boiling  water.     Pure  Turpentine  should  completely 
evaporate   after  seven  minutes,   while,   if   petroleum  be 
present,  the  latter  will  remain;    the  percentage  can  be 
ascertained  by  weighing  the  glass  and   contents  before 
and  after  the  operation. 

(3)  Have  a  porcelain  dish  filled  wth  water  placed  on  a 
steam-chest  or  steam-bath,  where  the  temperature  of  the 
water  can  be  maintained  at  133.3°  C.,  and  put  into  this 
water  two  small  porcelain  or  glass  dishes  of  the  same 
form,  previously  weighed,  and  containing  each  a  certain 
weighed  portion  of  the  suspected  article  and  of  pure  Tur- 
pentine.    When   the   latter   has   completely   evaporated, 
reweigh  the  dishes,  and  the  difference,  if  any,  will  give 
the  amount  of  adulteration  within  one-tenth  part. 

(4)  Pure   Turpentine   has   a  specific   gravity  of  0.864 
at  15.5°  C.,  and  weighs  7  pounds  and  3£    ounces  to  the 
gallon,  and  boils  between  156°  and  162°  C. 

(5)  Take    two    test-tubes,    designate    them    as   No.  1 
and  No.  2.     In  tube  No.  1  place  a  sample  of  Turpentine 
known  to  be  pure;    also  place  some  of  this  same  Tur- 
pentine in  tube  No.  2,  and  add  to  it  a  small  quantity  of 
naphtha.     Now,  by  placing  a  small  crystal 'of  potassium 
iodid  in  each  tube,  in  twenty-four  hours  it  will   be  ob- 
served that  the  chemical  will  have  remained  perfectly 
white  and  therefore  unchanged,  with  regard  to  tube  No.  1, 
in  which  the  pure  Turpentine  was  placed,  while  in  tube, 


176  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

No.  2,  in  which  the  naphtha  was  associated  with  the 
pure  Turpentine,  the  chemical  will  be  found  to  have 
changed  to  a  yellow  color. , 

(6)  Fill    two   large    test-tubes,   one  with  a  sample  of 
Turpentine  known  to  be  pure,  and  the  other  with  the 
sample  to  be  tested.      If  mineral-oil  be  present  in  the 
suspected   sample,    by    placing  the   tubes   over   a  black 
cloth,    that    bluish-yellow    bloom    characteristic    of    the 
products  of  petroleum  becomes  at  once  apparent. 

(7)  The  presence  of  adulterants  in  a  suspected  sample 
of  Turpentine  may  be  ascertained  by  violently  shaking 
the  bottle.     If  pure,   the  bubbles  caused  by  the  agita- 
tion will  instantly  disappear;  but  if,  on  the  contrary,  their 
disappearance  be  slow,  adulterants  are  present. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Vanilla. 

(1)  A  small   quantity  of   alcoholic  solution  of  phloro- 
glucin  is  placed  in  a  watch-glass,  and  an  equal  volume  of 
hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  added.     A  crystal  of  the 
suspected  substance  is  then  added  by  the  aid  of  a  needle, 
when  a  magnificent  red  coloration  is  produced  if  it  is 
Vanillin,  whilst  no  color  appears  if  the  crystals  consist 
of  benzoic  acid. 

(2)  To  a  solution  supposed  to  contain  Vanillin  add  a 
few  drops  of  a  1  per  cent  solution  of  ferrous  sulfate,  and 
then  bromin-water  (Reagent  2),  drop  by  drop.     Vanillin 
gives  a  bluish-green  color,  turning  yellow  after  a  time. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Vermillion. 

(1)  Mix  the  dry  powder  with  sulfuric  ether  in  a  test- 
tube,  shake  thoroughly  and  filter.  If  only  very  minute 
portions  of  eosin  or  foreign  coloring-matter  be  present, 
it  will  show  a  discoloration  of  the  filtrate. 


YINEGAR.  177 


Test  for  the  Purity  of  Vinegar. 

Vinegar  is  a  sour  liquid,  the  product  of  the  acetous 
fermentation.  Viewed  chemically,  it  is  a  very  dilute 
solution  of  acetic  acid  (H^HgC^)  containing  certain 
foreign  matters.  When  good  is  of  an  agreeable,  pene- 
trating odor  and  a  pleasant  acid  taste.  The  color  of 
Vinegar  varies  from  pale  yellow  to  deep  red.  When 
long  kept,  especially  if  exposed  to  the  air,  it  becomes 
ropy,  acquires  an  unpleasant  smell,  putrefies,  and  loses 
its  acidity.  It  should  be  of  such  a  strength  that  one  fluid- 
ounce  would  require,  for  saturation,  not  less  than  2.25  gm. 
(35  grs.)  of  potassium  bicarbonate. 

(1)  Put  30  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.)  of  the  suspected  Vinegar  into 
a  small  porcelain  capsule  over  a  water-bath,  and  evap- 
orate to  about  2  c.c.  (32  minims),  or  to  the  consistency 
of  a  thin  extract.     When  cool,  add  15  c.c.  (J   f.  oz.)  of 
stronger    alcohol,    and    thoroughly    triturate.    The    free 
sulfuric  acid,  if  present,  will  be  taken  up  by  the  alcohol 
to  the  exclusion  of  any  sulfate.     Filter  the  alcoholic  solu- 
tion, add  30  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.)  of  distilled  water,  evaporate 
off  the  alcohol,   and  filter.     Acidulate  the  filtrate  with 
hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5),  add  a  few  drops  of  a  solu- 
tion of  barium  chlorid,  and  a  white  precipitate  of  barium 
sulfate  will  resultjf  the  sample  of  Vinegar  has  been  adul- 
terated with  sulfuric  acid. 

(2)  Evaporate  a  sample  of  Vinegar  in  contact  with  a 
piece  of  white  sugar  or  on  white  paper,  if  it  contains  free 
sulfuric  acid  the  sugar  or  paper  will  be  charred. 

(3)  Prepare  a  solution  of  logwood  from  boiling  water 
and  fresh  logwood  chips.     Separate  drops  of  this  solu- 
tion are  spotted  on  the  surface  of  a  flat  porcelain  dish 
and  evaporated  to  dryness  over  a  water-bath.    To  each 
spot  a  drop  of  the  suspected  sample  (concentrated  first 


1 78  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

if  desirable)  is  added,  and  the  heating  continued  until 
it  has  evaporated.  If  the  Vinegar  be  pure,  the  residue 
will  be  found  to  have  a  bright-yellow  color,  but  in  the 
presence  of  a  very  small  proportion  of  mineral  acid  the 
residue  assumes  a  red  color. 

(4)  Evaporate  the  Vinegar  gently  to  an  extract,  and 
taste  it;   it  will  have  an  acrid,  biting  taste  if  red  pep- 
per, pellitory,  grains  of  paradise,  or  mustard-seed  is  the 
adulterant. 

(5)  Copper  may  be  detected  by  a  brownish  precipitate 
on  the  addition  of  potassium  ferrocyanid   to   the  con- 
centrated Vinegar. 

(6)  Lead  may  be  detected  by  the  formation  of  a  black- 
ish precipitate  on  the  addition  of  hydrogen  sulfid,  or  by 
a  yellow  precipitate  with  potassium  iodid. 

(7)  Lead  is  present  when  a  sample  of  Vinegar  is  evap- 
orated to  one-quarter  of  its  volume,  and  this   yields  a 
white  precipitate  when  treated  with  sulfuric   acid. 

(8)  Evaporate   the   Vinegar   nearly    to   dryness.    The 
residue  is  extracted   with   alcohol,  filtered,  and   treated 
with  a  solution  of  potassium  chlorid.     A  white  precipi- 
tate indicates  adulteration  with  tartaric  acid. 

(9)  Mix  a  sample  of  the  Vinegar  with  solution  of  sul- 
fate  of  indigo.    The  fluid  becomes  discolored  or  assumes 
a  yellowish  color  if  adulterated  with  nitric  acid. 

(10)  Add  to  a  sample  of  Vinegar  some  powdered  starch, 
boil  it  for  half  an  hour,  then  allow  it  to  become  entirely 
cold  (this  is  absolutely  necessary),  and  add  a  few  drops 
of  iodin  solution.    The  Vinegar,  if  adulterated  with  sul- 
furic acid,  will  be  colored  blue. 

(11)  Evaporate  the  Vinegar  to  one-fourth  its  volume 
and  add  ammonia-water  (Reagent  1)    in  excess;  a  blue 
color  indicates  the  presence  of  copper. 

(12)  Put  a  wineglassful  of  the  Vinegar  into  a  china 
teacup,  and  let  the  cup  float  in  water  in  a  pint  cup  of 


WATER.  179 

tin  or  other  metal  that  will  stand  heat.  Boil  the  water 
till  half  the  Vinegar  has  evaporated,  then  drop  into  the 
cup  a  piece  of  (cane)  loaf-sugar  about  the  size  of  a  grain 
of  wheat.  Continue  the  boiling  till  the  liquid  in  the  cup 
has  evaporated,  when,  if  the  Vinegar  contains  free  sulfuric 
acid,  the  dry  residue  will  be  found  to  be  blackened. 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  Water. 

Pure  and  wholesome  Water  must  be  limpid,  odorless, 
transparent,  cool,  well  aerated,  bright,  soft,  fresh,  tasteless, 
and  entirely  free  from  suspended  matter  of  any  sort,  and 
perfectly  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 

(1)  On  evaporating  1000  c.c.  (34*  f.  oz.)  of   Water  on 
a  water-bath,  it  should  not  leave  a  residue  weighing  more 
than  0.5  gm.  (7J  grs.)   (limit  of  soluble  salts),  and  this 
residue  when  ignited  should   not   carbonize   nor  evolve 
ammoniacal  or  acid  vapors. 

(2)  If  200  c.c.  (6  f.  oz.,  366  minims)  of  Water  be  acidu- 
lated with  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5),  heated  to  boiling, 
and  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  of  barium  chlorid  T.S.  be  added, 
the  liquid,  when  cooled  and  filtered,  should  give  no  further 
precipitate  on  the  addition  of  a  few  drops  of  barium  chlorid 
T.S.,  even  on  standing  (limit  of  sulfates). 

(3)  If  200  c.c.  (6  f.  oz.,  366  minims)  of  Water  be  acidu- 
lated with  nitric   acid   (Reagent   15),  heated  to  boiling, 
and  0.5  c.c.  (8  minims)  of  tenth-normal  silver  nitrate  V.S. 
be  added,  the  liquid,  when  cooled  and  filtered,  should  not 
be  affected  by  the  subsequent  addition  of  a  few  drops  of 
silver  nitrate  T.S.  (limit  of  chlorids). 

(4)  If  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  Water  mixed  with  a  few 
drops    of   diphenylamin   T.S.   be  carefully  poured  upon 
about  3  c.c.   (48  minims)  of  sulfuric  acid  (Reagent  21), 
free  from   nitrous  compounds,  contained  in  a  test-tube 
so  as  to  form  a  separate  layer,  no  blue  color  should  be 


180  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

found  at  the  line  of  contact  of  the  two  liquids  (limit  of 
nitrates) . 

(5)  If  to  50  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.,  331  minims)  of  Water  contained 
in  a  glass  cylinder  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  each  of  sulphanilic 
acid  T.S.  and  naphthylamin  acetate  T.S.  are  added,  and 
the  solution  well  mixed,  no  distinct  pink  coloration  should 
appear  within  five  minutes,  if  the  cylinder  be  placed  upon 
a  white  surface  and  viewed  from  above  (limit  of  nitrites). 

(6)  If  to  50  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.,  331  minims)  of  Water  contained 
in  a  glass  cylinder  2  c.c.  (32  minims)  of  alkaline  mercuric 
potassium  iodid  T.S.  (Nessler's  Reagent,  see  Ammonia  (6)) 
be  added  and  thoroughly  mixed,  no  yellow  or  brownish 
tint  should  be  produced  immediately ;  the  cylinder  should 
be  placed  upon  a  white  surface  and  viewed  from  above 
(limit  of  ammonia). 

(7)  On  heating  to  boiling  100  c.c.  (3  f.  oz.,  183  minims) 
of  Water  acidulated  with  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  diluted 
sulfuric  acid,  and  subsequently  adding  0.4  c.c.  (7  minims) 
of  tenth-normal  potassium  permanganate  V.S.,  the  pink 
color  of   the   liquid  should  not  be  completely  destroyed 
after  it  has  been  boiled  for  ten  minutes  (limit  of  organic  or 
other  oxidizable  substances) . 

(8)  Evaporate  by  gentle  heat  a  small  sample  of  the 
Water  nearly  to  dryness  in  a  clean  porcelain  cup,  moisten 
the  residue  with  acetic  acid,  and  add  to  a  portion  of  it  a 
few  drops  of  strong  hydrosulf uric  acid ;  a  black  precipitate 
indicates  lead. 

(9)  Add  to  another  portion  of  the  residue  with  acetic 
acid  a  little  pure  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5) ;   a  white 
precipitate,   which   redissolves   on   diluting   with   boiling 
Water,  indicates  lead. 

(10)  To  the  remainder  of  the  solution  of  the  residue  in 
acetic  acid  add  a  few  drops  of  dilute  sulfuric  acid  and  let 
it  stand  for  a  time;   a  white,  heavy  precipitate  indicates 
lead. 


WATER.  iSl 

(11)  Dissolve  a  small  quantity  of  good  soap  in  alcohol. 
Let  a  few  drops  fall  into  a  glass  of  the  Water.     If  it  turns 
milky,  it  is  hard;  if  not,  it  is  soft. 

(12)  Take  litmus  paper  dipped  in  vinegar,  and  if,  on 
immersion  in  the  Water,  the  paper  returns  to  its  true 
shade,  the  Water  does  not  contain  earthy  matter  or  alkali. 

(13)  If  a  few  drops  of  syrup  be  added  to  a  Water  con- 
taining an  earthy  matter,  it  will  turn  green. 

(14)  Take  equal  parts  of  the  Water  and  clear  lime- 
water,  and  mix  them.     If  combined  as  free  carbonic  acid 
is  present,  a  precipitate  is  seen,  to  which,   if  a  few  drops 
of  hydrochloric  acid  (Reagent  5)  be  added,  an  effervescence 
commences. 

(15)  Boil  the  Water  to  a  twentieth  part  of  its  weight, 
and  then  drop  a  few  grains  of  neutral  carbonate   of  am- 
monia into  a  glass  of  it,  and  a  few  drops  of  phosphate  of 
soda  solution.     If  magnesia  be  present,  it  will  fall  to  the 
bottom. 

(16)  Boil  a  little  nutgall  and  add  it  to  the  Water.     If 
it  turns  gray  or  slate-black,  iron  is  present. 

(17)  Dissolve  a  little  prussiate  of  potash  in  the  Water, 
and,  if  iron  is  present,  it  will  turn  blue. 

(18)  Into  a  glass  of  the  Water  put  2  drops  of  a  solution 
of  oxalic  acid  and  blow  upon  it.     If  it  becomes  milky, 
lime  is  present. 

(19)  If  a  piece  of  blue  sugar  paper  immersed  in  the 
Water  turns  red,  the  Water  contains  a  mineral  acid. 

(20)  If  organic  matter  be  present,  the  Water  becomes 
dark-colored  by  exposure  to  light. 

(21)  An  ounce  or  two  of  the  Water  may  be  placed  in  a 
glass  or  porcelain  vessel,  to  which  may  be  added  several 
drops  of  chlorid  of  gold  solution  sufficient  to  render  the 
Water  of  a  yellow  tinge.     If  the  Water  contains  no  undue 
amount  of  'organic  matter,  boiling  it  will  not  affect  the 
yellow  tinge,  but  if  this  matter  be  present  in  too  great  a 


182  TESTS  FOR  PURITY. 

proportion,  the  fluid  will  assume  a  brown  color,  and  then 
a  violet  or  blue. 

(22)  Organic  matter  may  be  detected  by  evaporating  the 
Water  to  dryness  in  a  glass  tube  and  then  igniting,  when 
there  will  be  a  smoke,  odor,  and  charring. 

(23)  A  few  drops  of  lead-acetate  solution  added  to  the 
Water  should  produce  only  a  faint  turbidity  (limit  of  car- 
bonic acid). 

(24)  When  the  Water  is  mixed  with  an  equal  volume 
of  calcium-hydrate  solution,  no  cloudiness  should  appear 
(absence  of  carbonic  acid). 

Test  for  the  Purity  of  White  Lead  Paint. 

(1)  A  dessert-spoonful  of  the  paint  is  put  in  a  bottle, 
and  deprived  of  its  oil  by  shaking  it  with  gasoline.     The 
mixture  is  then  poured  upon  white  filter-paper  and  the  gas- 
oline drained  off.     The  powder  is  now  put  in  another  bot- 
tle and  shaken  with  some  vinegar.     If  after  a  minute  or  so 
it  all  dissolves,  the  paint  is  pure  White  Lead.     If  some  re- 
main undissolved,  it  may  be  because  there  was  insufficient 
acid  to  combine  with  the  lead,  and  more  vinegar  should  be 
added.     If  there  be  still  a  residue,  the  paint  has  been 
adulterated. 

(2)  For  dry  White  Lead  take  a  test-tube,  thoroughly 
dry  and  clean,  and  place  therein  about  20  grs.  of  the  sus- 
pected article,  and  then  fill  the  tube  half  full  with  dilute 
nitric  acid.     Pure  White  Lead  will  show  effervescence  and 
dissolve  completely  in  a  short  time,  while  barytes  will 
remain  as  an  insoluble  precipitate  in  the  bottom  of  the 
tube. 

(3)  For  White  Lead  in  oil  the  blowpipe-flame  test  is  the 
most  simple.     A  small  piece  of  the  White  Lead  is  placed 
in  a  cavity  of  a  piece  of  charcoal  under  the  steady  flame 
of  a  blowpipe.     Pure  White  Lead  will  be  readily  reduced 


WHITE  LEAD  PA1HT.  183 

to  a  button  of  metallic  lead,  leaving  the  charcoal  without 
a  trace  of  any  other  substance.  If  zinc  barytes,  whiting, 
clay,  or  silica  be  present  only  to  the  extent  of  5  per 
cent,  there  will  be  no  formation  of  the  metallic  button, 
but  the  substance  will  have  the  appearance  of  a  whitish- 
yellow  or  gray,  cinder-like  mass.  Sulfate  of  lead  can  be 
reduced  only  with  difficulty  after  long-continued  blast 
or  with  the  addition  of  powdered  borax  as  a  fusing  mate- 
rial. 


LIST  OF  PRINCIPAL  REAGENTS  USED  IN  THIS  BOOK 

1  AMMONIA-WATER.— Sp.  gr.  0.96  =  10%  NH3. 

2  BROMIN-WATBR. — Dissolve    1    gm.    (15$   grs.)    of   Br    in 

30  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.)  of  water. 

3  CHLORIN-WATER. — Should  have  a  green  tinge  and  be  kept 

in  a  glass-stoppered  bottle,  standing  upside  down,  in  a 
dark  place;  it  will  keep,  if  thus  preserved,  for  a  long 
time. 

4  FERRIC-CHLORID    SOLUTION. — This   solution  must  be  free 

from  uncombined  HC1.  Sp.  gr.  1.281.  Dissolve  29  gm. 
(1  oz.,  10  grs.)  of  Fe2Cl6  in  71  c.c.  (2  f.  oz.,  192  minims) 
of  water. 

5  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  CP.— Sp.  gr.  1.124  =  25  HC1  in  100. 

6  IODIN-WATER. — A  saturated  watery  solution  of  about  1  gm. 

(15$  grs.)  of  I  in  4  litres  (135  f.  oz.)  of  water. 

7  IODIN,  0.5  gm.  (7.7  grs.)  AND  POTASSIUM  IODID.— 1.5  gm. 

(23  grs.)  in  250  c.c.  (8*  f.  oz.)  of  water. 

8  KALIUM  BROMATE  (KBrO3). — POTASSIUM  BROMATE. 

9  KALIUM  IODATE  (KIO3). — POTASSIUM  IODATE. 

10  LIME-WATER. — A  saturated  solution  of  calcium  hydrate; 

contains  about  1  gm.  (15$  grs.)jCaO  to  the  litre  (34  f.  oz.). 

11  MERCURIC  CYANID. — Dissolve  5  gm.  (77  grs.)  of  Hg(CN)2 

in  30  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.)  of  water. 

12  MERCURIC-POTASSIUM-IODID  SOLUTION  HgI2(KI)2. — Dissolve 

22.70  gm.  (351  grs.)  HgI2  and  16.60  gm.  (256  grs.)  KI 
in  one  litre  (34  f.  oz.)  of  water;  keep  a  certain  quantity 
of  a  solution  of  tV  of  this  strength. 

13  MERCURIC-CHLORID  SOLUTION,  5%. — Dissolve   1  gm.    (15$ 

grs.)  HgCl2  in  19  c.c.  (308  minims)  of  water. 

14  MERCURIC-BROMIDE   SOLUTION:    about  0.5%. — Dissolve   1 

gm.  (15$  grs.")  HgBr2  in  215  c.c.  (7  f.  oz.,  129  minims) 
of  water. 

15  NITRIC  ACID  CP.— Sp.  gr.  1.185=30  HNO3  in  100. 

16  PICRIC    ACID;    SATURATED    SOLUTION. — Dissolve    10    gm. 

185 


186  LIST  OF  PRINCIPAL  REAGENTS  USED  IN  THIS  BOOK. 

(154  grs.)  pure  crystals  of  Trinitrophenol  (C6H2(NO2)3OH) 
in  90  c.c.  (3  f.  oz.,  20  minims)  of  water. 

17  POTASSIUM-BICHROMATE  SOLUTION,  5%. — Dissolve  2.5  gm. 

(39  grs.)  of  pure  Cr2O7K2  in  47.5  c.c.  (1  f.  oz.,  282  min- 
ims) of  water. 

18  POTASSIUM-FERRICYANID    SOLUTION,    5%. — To    be    made 

fresh  when  wanted  by  dissolving  1  gm.  (15£  grs.) 
K3Fe(CN)6  in  19  c.c.  (308  minims)  of  water. 

19  POTASSIUM-FERROCYANID     SOLUTION,     5%. — Dissolve      2.50 

gm.  (38  grs.)  K4Fe(CN)6+3H2O  in  47.5  c.c.  (1  f.  oz., 
282  minims)  of  water. 

20  SODIUM-HYDRATE  SOLUTION  of  1.17sp.  gr.  =  15%  NaOH. — 

Do  not  make  any  larger  quantity  than  250  c.c.  (8  f.  oz., 
217  minims).  Dissolve  35  gm.  (539  grs.)  of  NaOH 
from  sodium  in  250  c.c.  (8  f.  oz.,  217  minims)  of 
water  and  lubricate  the  glass  stopper  with  vaseline. 

21  SULFURIC-ACID  PURissiMUM,  sp.  gr.  1.840;   contains  about 

97%  H2SO4. — Must  not  become  colored  with  brucin, 
codein,  morphin,  or  papaverin;  it  is  very  difficult  to 
obtain  an  acid  of  such  purity,  which  fact  must  be  taken 
into  consideration  when  a  color-reaction  appears  with 
the  acid.  Compare  the  articles  named  under  each  one's 
separate  heading. 

"12      SULFURIC  ACID    CONTAINING   CHROMIC    ACID. — Dissolve  0.02 

gm.  (fo  gr.)  of  Cr2O7K2  in  10  c.c.  (162  minims)  of  water 
and  add  to  the  solution  30  gm.  (465  grs.)  of  concentrated 
H2S04.  To  be  made  fresh  when  wanted. 

23  SULFURIC  ACID  CONTAINING  POTASSIUM  PERMANGANATE. — 

Dissolve  0.02  gm.  (&  gr.)  MnO4K  in  10  c.c.  (162  minims) 
of  water  and  add  30  gm.  (465  grs.)  of  concentrated 
H2SO4  to  the  solution.  To  be  made  fresh  when  wanted. 

24  TANNIN  SOLUTION. — To  be    made  fresh  when  wanted  by 

dissolving  1  gm.  (15^  grs.)  of  tannin  in  19  c.c.  (308 
minims)  of  water. 

25  SULFURIC  ACID  CONTAINING  SODIUM  MOLYBDATE. — Dissolve 

0.1  gm.  (1£  grs.)  sodium  molybdate  in  1Q  c.c.  (162 
minims  strong  H?SO4  (Frohde's  tests). 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

ACETANILID 1 

ACETANILII^  IN  URINE 3 

ACETONE 5 

ACETONE  IN  URINE 6 

ACETPHENETIDIN 7 

ACONITIN 7 

ACONITIN  ON  TONGUE 8 

JSSCULIN 10 

ALBUMEN  IN  URINE 10 

ALOIN 18 

ALUM 19 

ALUM  IN  BREAD 20 

ALUM  IN  DRINKING-WATER 20 

ALUM  IN  WINE.  . 20 

AMIDOBENZENE 26 

AMIDOL 22 

AMMONIA 20 

AMMONIA  NITRATE  OF  SILVER  SOLUTION 37 

AMYGDALIN 23 

AMYL  NITRITE 24 

ANALGESIN 30 

ANDROMEDOTOXIN 26 

ANILIN 26 

ANTHRAROBIN 29 

ANTIFEBRIN 1 

ANTIPYRIN 30 

187 


1 88  INDEX. 

PAGE 

ANTIPYRIN  IN  URINE 32 

APOCODEIN 32 

APOMORPHIN  HYDROCHLORATE 33 

ARBUTIN 35 

ARISTOL 36 

ARSENIC 36 

ARSENIC  IN  GLYCERIN 41 

ARSENIC  IN  WALL  PAPER 40 

ATROPIN 42 

BERBERIN 43 

BETA-NAPHTHYLSALICYLATE 45 

BETOL 45 

BETTENDORFF'S  TEST 38 

BILE  IN  URINE 46 

BLOOD  IN  URINE 49 

BODEKER'S  TEST 15 

BOSTOCK'S  TEST 17 

BROMOFORM 50 

BRUCIN 50 

CAFFEIN 52 

CANTHARIDIN 53 

CARBOLIC  ACID 53 

CARPAIN 55 

CHLORAL  HYDRATE 56 

CHRYSAROBIN 57 

ClNCHONIDlN    SULFATE 59 

CINCHONIN  SULFATE 60 

COCAIN  HYDROCHLORATE 61 

CODEIN 62 

COLCHICIN 63 

CONIIN 64 

CORROSIVE  SUBLIMATE 65 

COTOIN 66 

CREOSOTE 67 

CRYPTOPIN 68 

CUMARIN ,  69 


INDEX.  189 

PAGE 

CUPREIN    70 

DlACETYL   MORPHIN 78 

DlGITALIN 70 

Dl-IODODITHYMOL 36 

DlOXYCOUMARIN 10 

DlURETIN 71 

ECGONIN 71 

EMETIN 71 

ESERIDIN 72 

ESERIN 73 

EUROPHEN 74 

EXALGIN 75 

FEHLING'S  SOLUTION 23 

FLAVANILIN 2 

FLEICHT'S  TEST 48 

FLEITMANN'S  TEST 40 

GALLIC  ACID 75 

GELSEMIN 77 

GMELIN'S  TEST 47 

GUAIACOL 78 

GUTZEIT'S  TEST ' 38 

HELLER'S  TEST 49 

HEROIN 78 

HOMATROPIN 79 

HUME'S  TEST 37 

HYDRASTIN 79 

HYOSCIN 80 

HYOSCYAMIN 81 

INDOPHENOL  REACTION 2 

IODOL 81 

ISONITRIL  REACTION 1 

LAUDANIN. 82 

LAUDANOSIN.  .  83 


PAGE 

MARSH'S  TEST 39 

MENTHOL 84 

METHACETIN >. 84 

METHYLACETANILID , 75 

MILLON'S  REAGENT 51 

MORPHIN 85 

NAPHTHALIN 88 

NAPHTHALOL 45 

NAPHTHOL. 89 

NAPHTHOSALOL 45 

NARCEIN 91 

NARCOTIN 93 

NEAKOMM'S  TEST 49 

NESSLER'S  REAGENT 21 

NICOTIN 93 

OREXIN  HYDROCHLORID 94 

PAPAVERIN 95 

PARACOTOIN 96 

PARALDEHYD 96 

PARAOXYMETHYLACETANILID 84 

PETTENKOFER'S  TEST 48 

PHENAZONE 30 

PHENOL 53 

PHENYLHYDROQUINAZOLIN  HYDROCHLORID 94 

REINSCH'S  TEST 39 

lETRAIODOPYRROL 81 


SHORT-TITLE     CATALOGUE 

OF  THE 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF 

JOHN   WILEY   &    SONS, 

NEW  YORK, 
LONDON:  CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  LIMITED. 


ARRANGED  UNDER  SUBJECTS. 


Descriptive  circulars  sent  on  application.  Books  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  are  sold 
at  #*/rprices  only,  a  double  asterisk  (**)  books  sold  under  the  rules  of  the  American 
Publishers'  Association  at  net  prices  subject  to  an  extra  charge  for  postage.  All  books 
are  bound  in  cloth  unless  otherwise  stated. 


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Principles  of  Animal  Nutrition 8vo,  4  oo 

Budd  and  Hansen's  American  Horticultural  Manual: 

Part  I.  Propagation,  Culture,  and  Improvement lamo,  50 

Part  II.  Systematic  Pomology. i2mo,  50 

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Elliott's  Engineering  for  Land  Drainage 1 I2mo,  50 

Practical  Farm  Drainage i2mo,  oo 

Graves's  Forest  Mensuration 8vo,  oo 

Green's  Principles  of  American  Forestry i2mo,  50 

Grotenfelt's  Principles  of  Modern  Dairy  Practice.     (Woll.) i2mo,  oo 

Kemp's  Landscape  Gardening i2mo,  50 

Maynard's  Landscape  Gardening  as  Applied  to  Home  Decoration i2mo,  50 

*  McKay  and  Larsen's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Butter-making 8vot  50 

Sanderson's  Insects  Injurious  to  Staple  Crops i2mo,  50 

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Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils 8vo,  2  50 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8vo,  7  50 

Woll's  Handbook  for  Farmers  and  Dairymen 1 6mo,  i  50 


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Berg's  Buildings  and  Structures  of  American  Railroads 4to,  5  oo 

Birkmire's  Planning  and  Construction  of  American  Theatres 8vo,  3  oo. 

Architectural  Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50* 

Compound  Riveted  Girders  as  Applied  in  Buildings. 8vo,  2  oo 

Planning  and  Construction  of  High  Office  Buildings 8vo,  3  50 

Skeleton  Construction  in  Buildings 8vo,  3  oo 

Brigg's  Modern  American  School  Buildings 8vo,  4  oo 

I 


Carpenter's  Heating  and  Ventilating  of  Buildings 8vo,  4  oo 

Freitag's  Architectural  Engineering 8vo,  3  50 

Fireproofing  of  Steel  Buildings 8vo,  2  50 

French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo,  2  50 

Gerhard's  Guide  to  Sanitary  House-inspection i6mo,  i  oo 

Theatre  Fires  and  Panics ft izmo,  i  50 

*Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Holly's  Carpenters'  and  Joiners'  Handbook i8mo,  75 

Johnson's  Statics  by  Algebraic  and  Graphic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

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Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration •. .  .8vo,  5  oo 

Non-metallic  Minerals:   Their  Occurrence  and  Uses 8vo,  4  oo 

Monckton's  Stair-building 4to,  4  oo 

Patton's  Practical  Treatise  on  Foundations 8vo,  5  oo 

Peabody's  Naval  Architecture 8vo,  7  50 

Rice's  Concrete-block  Manufacture 8vo,  2  oo 

Richey's  Handbook  for  Superintendents  of  Construction i6mo,  mor.,  4  oo 

*              Building  Mechanics'  Ready  Reference  Book.     Carpenters'  and  Wood- 
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Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone-cutting  and  Masonry 8vo,  i  50 

Snow's  Principal  Species  of  Wood 8vo,  3  50 

Sondericker's  Graphic  Statics  with  Applications  to  Trusses,  Beams,  and  Arches. 

8vo,  2  oo 

Towne's  Locks  and  Builders'  Hardware i8mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 
Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi-. 

tecture 8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts ' 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings:   Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and  Steel.  .8vo,  4  oo 
Woicester  and  Atkinson's  Small  Hospitals,  Establishment  and  Maintenance, 
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i2mo,  i  25 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 Large  4to,  i  oo 


ARMY  AND  NAVY. 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder,  Nitro-cellulose,  and  the  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule I2mo,  2  50 

*  Bruff's  Text-book  Ordnance  and  Gunnery 8vo,  6  oo 

Chase's  Screw  Propellers  and  Marine  Propulsion 8vo,  3  oo 

Cloke's  Gunner's  Examiner 8vo,  i  50 

Craig's  Azimuth 4to,  3  50 

Crehore  and  Squier's  Polarizing  Photo-chronograph 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Davis's  Elements  of  Law 8vo,  2  50 

*  Treatise  on  the  Military  Law  of  United  States 8vo,  7  oo 

Sheep,  7  50 

De  Brack's  Cavalry  Outposts  Duties.     (Carr.) 24mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

Dietz's  Soldier's  First  Aid  Handbook i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

*  Dredge's  Modern  French  Artillery 4to,  half  morocco,  15  oo 

Durand's  Resistance  and  Propulsion  of  Ships 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Dyer's  Handbook  of  Light  Artillery I2mo,  3  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Fiebeger's  Text-book  on  Field  Fortification Small  8vo,  a  oo 

Hamilton's  The  Gunner's  Catechism i8mo,  x  oo 

*  HeS'i  Elfttf&tftrr  Naval  Tactics, ,,.,....,..,.,...,.. 8vo,  I  §9 

ft 


Ingalls's  Handbook  of  Problems  in  Direct  Fire 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Ballistic  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

*  Lyons's  Treatise  on  Electromagnetic  Phenomena.  Vols.  I.  and  II.  .8vo,  each,  6  oo 

*  Mahan's  Permanent  Fortifications.     (Mercur.) 8vo,  half  morocco,  7  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

*  Mercur's  Attack  of  Fortified  Places i2mo,  2  oo 

*  Elements  of  the  Art  of  War 8vo,  4  oo 

Metcalf's  Cost  of  Manufactures — And  the  Administration  of  Workshops.  .8vo,  5  oo 

*  Ordnance  and  Gunnery.     2  vols i2mo,  5  oo 

Murray's  Infantry  Drill  Regulations i8mo,  paper,  10 

Nixon's  Adjutants'  Manual 24mo,  i  oo 

Peabody's  Naval  Architecture 8vo,  7  50 

*  Phelps's  Practical  Marine  Surveying , 8vo,  2  50 

Powell's  Army  Officer's  Examiner I2mo,  4  oo 

Sharpe's  Art  of  Subsisting  Armies  in  War .' i8mo,  morocco,  i  50 

*  Tupes  and  Poole's  Manual  of  Bayonet  Exercises  and    Musketry  Fencing. 

24mo,  leather,  50 

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Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

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Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law i2mo,  2  50 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene ^TTTTrr i6mo,  i  50 

Young'*  Simple  Elements  of  Navigation i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 


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I2mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Lodge's  Notes  on  Assaying  and  Metallurgical  Laboratory  Experiments.  . .  .8vo,"  3  oo 

Low's  Technical  Methods  of  Ore  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Miller's  Manual  of  Assaying 7i2mo,  i  oo 

Cyanide  Process i2mo,  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.) 12010,  2  50 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes .  i2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process I2mo,  i  50 


ASTRONOMY. 

Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

Craig's  Azimuth 4to,  3  50 

Doolittle's  Treatise  on  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  4  oo 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

*  Michie  and  Harlow's  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

*  White's  Elements  of  Theoretical  and  Descriptive  Astronomy i2mo,  2  oo 


BOTANY. 

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i6mo,  morocco,    i  25 

Thom<;  and  Bennett's  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany. i6mo,    2  25 

Westermaier's  Compendium  of  General  Botany.     (Schneider.) 8vo,    2  oo 


CHEMISTRY. 

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Alexeyeff's  General  Principles  of  Organic  Synthesis.     (Matthews.) 8vo,  3  oa 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis 8vo,  3  oa 

Arnold's  Compendium  of  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) Small  8vo.  3  50 

Austen's  Notes  for  Chemical  Students i2mo,  i  50 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder. — Nitro-cellulose,  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo,  2  50 

*  Browning's  Introduction  to  the  Rarer  Elements 8vo,  i  50 

Brush  and  Penfield's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oa 

Claassen's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture.     (Hall  and  Rolfe.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.    (Eoltwood.).  .8vo,  3  oo 

Cohn's  Indicators  and  Test-papers i2mo,  2  oo 

Tests  and  Reagents 8vo,  3  oo 

Crafts's  Short  Course  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.   (Schaeffer.).  .  .  i2mo,  i  50 
Dolezalek's  Theory  of  the   Lead  Accumulator   (Storage  Battery).        (Von 

Ende.) i2mo,  2  50 

Drechsel's  Chemical  Reactions.     (Merrill.) i2mo,  i  25 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo> 

Effront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oa 

Erdmann's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Preparations.     (Dunlap.) i2mo,  i  25 

Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe. 

i2mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses ; i2mo,  2  oa 

Fresenius's  Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.     (Wells.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.  Part  I.  Descriptive.  (Wells.)  8vo,  3  oa 
System  of    Instruction   in    Quantitative    Chemical   Analysis.      (Cohn.) 

2    VOls 8VO,   12    50 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oa 

*  Getman's  Exercises  in  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,  2  oo 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers i2mo,  i  25 

Grotenfelt's  Principles  of  Modern  Dairy  Practice.     (Wo  11.) i2mo,  2  oa 

Groth's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography  (Marshall) i2mo,  i  25 

Hammarsten's  Text-book  of  Physiological  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) 8vo,  4  oa 

Helm's  Principles  of  Mathematical  Chemistry.     (Morgan.) i2mo,  i  50 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Hind's  Inorganic  Chemistry 8vo,  3  o-~ 

*  Laboratory  Manual  for  Students i2mo,  i  oa 

Holleman's  Text-book  of  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Cooper.) 8vo,  2  50 

Text-book  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker  and  Mott.).  . 8vo,  2  50 

*  Laboratory  Manual  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Hopkins's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook 8vo,  3  oa 

Jackson's  Directions  for  Laboratory  Work  in  Physiological  Chemistry.  .8vo,  i  25 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Ladd's  Manual  of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis i2mo,  i  oo 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.     (Tingle.) , 8vo,  3  oa 

*  Langworthy  and  Austen.        The  Occurrence  of  Aluminium  in  Vegetable 

Products,  Animal  Products,  and  Natural  Waters.  . .  .  -. 8vo,  2  oa 

Lassar-Cohn's  Practical  Urinary  Analysis.  (Lorenz.) i2mo,  i  oa 

Application  of  Some  General  Reactions  to  Investigations  in  Organic 

Chemistry.  (Tingle.) I2mo,  i  oa 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control 8vo,  7  50 

Lob's  Electrochemistry  of  Organic  Compounds.  (Lorenz.) 8vo,  3  oa 

Lodge's  Notes  on  Assaying  and  Metallurgical  Laboratory  Experiments 8vo,  3  oo 

Low's  Technical  Method  of  Ore  Analysis 8vo.  3  oa 

Lunge's  Techno-chemical  Analysis.  (Cohn.) i2mo  i  oo 

4 


*  McKay  and  Larsen's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Butter-making 8vo  i  50- 

Mandel's  Handbook  for  Bio-chemical  Laboratory i2mo,  i  50 

*  Martin's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis  with  the  Blowpipe .  .  12010,  6o> 
Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

3d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  4  oo 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.) i2mo,  i  25 

Matthew's  The  Textile  Fibres 8vo,  3  50 

Meyer's  Determination  of  Radicles  in  Carbon  Compounds.     (Tingle.).  .  i2mo,  i  oo 

Miller's  Manual  of  Assaying i2mo,  i  oo 

Cyanide  Process lamo,  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.) .  .  .  .  i2mo,  2  50 

Mixter's  Elementary  Text-book  of  Chemistry i2mo,  i  50 

Morgan's  An  Outline  of  the  Theory  of  Solutions  and  its  Results 12010,  i  oo 

Elements  of  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,  3  oo 

*  Physical  Chemistry  for  Electrical  Engineers 12010,  i  50 

Morse's  Calculations  used  in  Cane-sugar  Factories i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Mulliken's  General  Method  for  the  Identification  of  Pure  Organic  Compounds. 

Vol.  I Large  8vo,  5  oo 

O'Brine's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  2  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores. 8vo,  '2  oa 

Ostwald's  Conversations  on  Chemistry.     Part  One.     (Ramsey.) i2mo,  i  50- 

•'                   "               "           "             Part  Two.     (Turnbull.) i2mo,  200 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  50 

Pictet's  The  Alkaloids  and  their  Chemical  Constitution.     (Biddle.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Pinner's  Introduction  to  Organic  Chemistry.     (Austen.) i2mo:  i  50. 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oc 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis 12010,  i  25 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo> 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air  .Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.  ,8vo ,  2  oo» 
Ricketts  and  Russell's  Skeleton  Notes  upon  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Part  I. 

Non-metallic  Elements.) 8vo,  morocco,  75 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  50- 

Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food 8vo,  4  oo> 

Riggs's  Elementary  Manual  for  the  Chemical  Laboratory 8vo,  i  25 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo> 

Rostoski's  Serum  Diagnosis.     (Bolduan.) I2mo, 

Ruddiman's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions 8vo, 

*  Whys  in  Pharmacy 12010, 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo, 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.     (Orndorff.) 8vo, 

Schimpf's  Text-book  of  Volumetric  Analysis. I2mo, 

Essentials  of  Volumetric  Analysis i2mo, 

*  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo, 

Smith's  Lecture  Notes  on  Chemistry  for  Dental  Students 8vo,  2  50* 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  morocco,  3  ot* 

Handbook  for  Cane  Sugar  Manufacturers i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo. 

Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils 8vo,  2  50- 

*  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,  i  50- 

*  Descriptive  General  Chemistry 8vo,  3  oo> 

Treadwell's  Qualitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,  3  oo» 

Quantitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,  4  oo> 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo> 

Van  Deventer's  Physical  Chemistry  for  Beginners.     (Boltwood.) I2mo,  i  50. 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo> 

Ware's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture  and  Refining .  .  .Small  8vo,  cloth,  4  oo> 

Washington's  Manual  of  the  Chemical  Analysis  of  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo> 

5 


00> 

oc 
oa 
oo> 
So- 
50- 
25 
25 


Wassermann's  Immune  Sera :  Haemolysins,  Cytotoxins,  and  Precipitins.    (Bol- 

duan.) i2mo,  T  oo 

"Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

Wehrenfennig's  Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed- Water 8vo.  £.  oo 

Wells's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  i   50 

Short  Course  in  Inorganic  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis  for  Engineering 

Students i2mo,  i  50 

Text-book  of  Chemical  Arithmetic i2mo,  i  25 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process I2mo,  i  50 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods.' 8vo,  7  50 

Wulling's    Elementary    Course    in  Inorganic,  Pharmaceutical,  and  Medical 

Chemistry I2mo,  2  oo 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

BRIDGES    AND    ROOFS.       HYDRAULICS.       MATERIALS    OF    ENGINEERING. 
RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

"Baker's  Engineers'  Surveying  Instruments xarno,  3  oo 

"Bixby's  Graphical  Computing  Table Paper  10^  '  24!  inches.  25 

**  Burr's  Ancient  and  Modern  Engineering  and  the  Isthmian  Cana  .     (Postage, 

27  cents  additional.) 8vo,  3  50 

•Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

Davis's  Elevation  and  Stadia  Tables 8vo,  i  oo 

Elliott's  Engineering  for  Land  Drainage i2mo,  i  50 

Practical  Farm  Drainage I2mo,  i  co 

*Fiebeger's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo,  5  oo 

Flemer's  Phototopographic  Methods  and  Instruments 8vo,  5  oo 

Folwell's  Sewerage.     (Designing  and  Maintenance.) : 8vo,  3  oo 

Freitag's  Architectural  Engineering.     2d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  3  50 

French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo,  2  50 

Goodhue's  Municipal  Improvements i2mo,  i  75 

Goodrich's  Economic  Disposal  of  Towns'  Refuse 8vo,  3  50 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy. 8vo,  2  50 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Howe's  Retaining  Walls  for  Earth i2rno,  i  25 

=*  Ives's  Adjustments  of  the  Engineer's  Transit  and  Level i6mo,  Bds.  25 

Ives  and  Hilts's  Problems  in  Surveying i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Johnson's  (J.  B.)  Theory  and  Practice  of  Surveying Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Johnson's  (L.  J.)  Statics  by  Algebraic  and  Graphic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.    (Truscott  and  Emory.) .  i2mo,  2  oo 

Mahan's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering.     (1873.)     (Wood.) 8vo,  5  oo 

*       Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  i  50 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Merriman  and  Brooks's  Handbook  for  Surveyors i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

Nugent's  Plane  Surveying 8v<>,  3  So 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Parsons's  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse 8vo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo  half  leather,  7  50 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4*0,  5  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  50 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone-cutting  and  Masonry 8vo,  i  50 

Smith's  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Sondericker's  Graphic  Statics,  with  Applications  to  Trusses,  Beams,  and  Arches. 

8vo,  2  oo 


Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Trautwine's  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket-book i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Venable's  Garbage  Crematories  in  America 8vo,  2  oo 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  5» 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Warren's  Stereotomy — Problems  in  Stone-cutting 8vo,  2  50 

Webb's  Problems  in  the  Use  and  Adjustment  of  Engineering  Instruments. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying. 8vo,  3  50 


BRIDGES  AND  ROOFS. 

Boiler's  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Iron  Highway  Bridges.  .8vo,  2  oo 

*       Thames  River  Bridge 4to,  paper,  5  oo 

Burr's  Course  on  the  Stresses  in  Bridges  and  Roof  Trusses,  Arched  Rits,  and 

Suspension  Bridges 8vo,  3  50 

Burr  and  Falk's  Influence  Lines  for  Bridge  and  Roof  Computations 8vo,  3  oo 

Design  and  Construction  of  Metallic  Bridges 8vo,  5  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  II £irall  4to,  10  oo 

Foster's  Treatise  on  Wooden  Trestle  Bridges 4to,  5  oo 

Fowler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

Greene's  Roof  Trusses 8vo,  i  25 

Bridge  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Arches  in  Wood,  Iron,  and  Stone 8vo,  2  50 

Howe's  Treatise  on  Arches .8vo,  4  oo 

Design  of  Simple  Roof- trusses  in  Wood  and  Steel 8vo,  2  oo 

Symmetrical  Masonry  Arches 8vo,  2  50 

Johnson,  Bryan,  and  Turneaure's  Theory  and  Practice  in  the  Designing  of 

Modern  Framed  Structures Small  4to,  10  oo 

Mernman  and  Jacoby's  Text-book  on  Roofs  and  Bridges : 

Part  I.     Stresses  in  Simple  Trusses -   8vo,  2  50 

Part  II.    Graphic  Statics 8vo,  2  50 

Part  III.  Bridge  Des:gn 8vo,  2  50 

Part  IV.   Higher  Structures •   8vo,  2  50 

Morison's  Memphis  Bridge 4to,  10  oo 

Waddell's  De  Pontibus,  a  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers.    i6*ro,  morocco,  2  oo 

*  Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges •  •  i2»ro,  50 

Wright's  Designing  of  Draw-spans.     Two  parts  in  one  volume 8vo,  3  50 


HYDRAULICS. 

Barnes's  Ice  Formation 8vo,  3  oo 

Bazin's  Experiments  upon  the  Contraction  of  the  Liquid  Vein  Issuing  from 

an  Orifice.     (Trautwine.) 8vo,  2  oo 

Bovey's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics .8vo,  s  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo;  6  oo 

Diagrams  of  Mean  Velocity  of  Water  in  Open  Channels paper,  i  50 

Hydraulic  Motors 8vo,  2  oo 

Coffin's  Graphical  Solution  of  Hydraulic  Problems i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power I2rro,  3  oo 

Folwell's  Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

Frizell's  Water-power ••  •   8vo,  5  oo 

7 


Tuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health , . i2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works i2mo,  2  50 

Ganguillet  and  Kutter's  General  Formula  for  the  Uniform  Flow  of  Water  in 

Rivers  and  Other  Channels.     (Bering  and  Trautwine.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supply 8vo,  3  oo 

Hazlehurst's  Towers  and  Tanks  for  Water- works 8vo,  2  50 

Herschel's  115  Experiments  on  the  Carrying  Capacity  of  Large,  Riveted,  Metal 

Conduits 8vo.  2  oo 

Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics. 8vo,  5  oo 

"*  Mtchie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Schuyler's   Reservoirs  for  Irrigation,   Water-power,  and   Domestic   Water- 
supply Large  8vo,  5  oo 

**  Thomas  and  Watt's  Improvement  of  Rivers      (Post.,  440.  additional.)  4to,  6  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Wegmann's  Design  and  Construction  of  Dams 4to,  5  oo 

Water-supply  of  the  City  of  New  York  from  1658  to  1895 4to,  10  oo 

Williams  and  Hazen's  Hydraulic  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Wilson's  Irrigation  Engineering Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 


MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Roads  and  Pavements 8vo,  5  oo 

Black's  United  States  Public  Works Oblong  4to,  5  oo 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering 8vo,  7  50 

Byrne's  Highway  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Inspection  of  the  Materials  and  Workmanship  Employed  in  Construction. 

i6mo,  3  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  I Small  4to,  7  50 

=*Eckel's  Cements,  Limes,  and  Plasters 8vo,  6  oo 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction Large  8vo,  6  oo 

Powler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

'Graves's  Forest  Mensuration 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

!Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  So 

.Marten's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.)     2  vols 8vo,  7  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf'u  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Practical  Treatise  on  Foundations 8vo,  5  oo 

Richardson's  Modern  Asphalt  Pavements 8vo,  3  oo 

Richey's  Handbook  for  Superintendents  of  Construction i6mo,  mor.,  4  oo 

*  Ries's  Clays:  Their  Occurrence,  Properties,  and  Uses 8vo,  5  oo 

Rockwell's  Roads  and  Pavements  in  France i2mo,  i  25 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines i2mos  i  oo 

-Snow's  Principal  Species  of  Wood 8vo,  3  50 


Spalding's  Hydsaulic  Cement ....  i2mo,  2  oo 

Text-book  on  Roads  and  Pavements I2mo,  2  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete.  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  j>  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     3  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part  I.     Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering  and  Metallurgy 8vo,  2  oo 

Part  II      Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Thurston's  Text-book  of  the  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Tillson's  Street  Pavements  and  Paving  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

Waddeli's  De  Pontibus     (A  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers.) .  .  i6mo,  mor.,  2  oo 

Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges.  .  . i2mo,  i  25 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials,  and  an  Appendix  on 

the  Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

"Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings;    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel '. 8vo,  4  oo 


RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Andrew's  Handbook  for  Street  Railway  Engineers 3x5  inches,  morocco,  i  25 

Berg's  Buildings  and  Structures  of  American  Railroads 4to,  5  oo 

Brook's  Handbook  of  Street  Railroad  Location i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Butt's  Civil  Engineer's  Field-book i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Crandall's  Transition  Curve i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Railway  and  Other  Earthwork  Tables ...      .8vo,  i  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book    .  i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Dredge's  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad:   (1879) Paper,    5  oo 

*  Drinker's  Tunnelling,  Explosive  Compounds,  and  Rock  Drills. 4to,  half  mor.,  25  oo 

Fisher's  Table  of  Cubic  Yards Cardboard,  25 

Godwin's  Railroad  Engineers'  Field-book  and  Explorers'  Guide .  .  .  i6mo,  mor.,  2  50 

Howard's  Transition  Curve  Field-book i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Hudson's  Tables  for  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Em- 
bankments.         8vo,  i  oo 

Molitor  and  Beard's  Manual  for  Resident  Engineers.  , i6mo,  i  oo 

Nagle  s  Field  Manual  for  Railroad  Engineers i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Philbrick's  Field  Manual  for  Engineers.  . ,. i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Searles's  Field  Engineering i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Railroad  Spiral i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Taylor's  Prismoidal  Formulae  and  Earthwork 8vo,  i  50 

*  Trautwine's  Method  ot  Calculating  the  Cube  Contents  of  Excavations  and 

Embankments  by  the  Aid  of  Diagrams 8vo,  2  oo 

The  Field  Practice  of  Laying  Out  Circular  Curves  for  Railroads. 

i2mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Cross-section  Sheet Paper,  25 

Webb's  Railroad  Construction i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Economics  of  Railroad  Construction Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Wellington's  Economic  Theory  ot  the  Location  of  Railways Small  8vo-  5  oo 


DRAWING. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "  "  "         Abridged  Ed 8vo,  i  50 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

ft 


Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers  Oblong  4to,  2  50- 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo,  2  ro 

Hill's  Text-book  on  Shades  and  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  2  oo 

Jamison's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Advanced  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

MacCord's  Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  3  oo 

Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing . . .  .  ; 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

MacLeod's  Descriptive  Geometry Small  8vo,  i  50 

*  Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry  and  Stone-cutting 8vo,  i  50 

Industrial  Drawing.  (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

Moyer's  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  oo 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (R.  S.)  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.  (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  1  Tachine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Titsworth's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing Oblong  8vo,  i   25 

Warren's  Elements  of  Plane  and  Solid  Free-hand  Geometrical  Drawing.  i2mo,  i  oo 

Drafting  Instruments  and  Operations i2mo,  i  25 

Manual  of  Elementary  Projection  Drawing i2mo,  i  50* 

Manual  of  Elementary  Problems  in  the  Linear  Perspective  of  Form  and 

Shadow i2mo,  i  oo 

Plane  Problems  in  Elementary  Geometry i2mo,  i  25: 

Primary  Geometry I2mo,  75 

Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry,  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  3  50 

General  Problems  of  Shades  and  Shadows 8vo,  3  oo 

Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Problems,  Theorems,  and  Examples  in  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  50 

Weisbach's    Kinematics    and    Power    of    Transmission.        (Hermann    and 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Whelpley's  Practical  Instruction  in  the  Art  of  Letter  Engraving i2mo,  2  oo 

Wilson's  (H.  M.)  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Wilson's  (V.  T.)  Free-hand  Perspective 8vo,  2  50 

Wilson's  (V.  T.)  Free-hand  Lettering 8vo,  i  oo 

Woolf's  Elementary  Course  in  Descriptive  Geometry Large  8vo,  3  oc 


ELECTRICITY  AND  PHYSICS. 

Anthony  and  Brackett's  Text-book  of  Physics.     (Magie.) Small  8vo,  3  oo 

Anthony's  Lecture-notes  on  the  Theory  of  Electrical  Measurements.  .  .  .  I2mo,  i  oo 

Benjamin's  History  of  Electricity 8vo,  3  oo 

Voltaic  Cell 8vo,  3  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.     (Boltwood.).8vo,  3  oo 

*  Collins's  Manual  of  Wireless  Telegraphy i2mo,  i  50 

Morocco,  2  oo 

Crehore  and  Squier's  Polarizing  Photo-chronograph 8vo,  3  oo 

Dawson's  "Enginef.ring"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.  i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

10 


Dolezalek's    Theory    of    the    Lead   Accumulator    (Storage    Battery).      (Von 

Ende.) izmo,  2  50 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  OQ 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Gilbert's  De  Magnete.     (Mottelay.) 8vo,  2  50 

Hanchett's  Alternating  Currents  Explained I2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Holman's  Precision  of  Measurements 8vo,  2  oo 

Telescopic   Mirror-scale  Method,  Adjustments,  and  Tests.  .  .  . Large  8vo,  75 

Kinzbrunner's  Testing  of  Continuous-current  Machines 8vo,  2  oo 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.     (Tingle.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Le  Chateliers  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess.)  lamo,  3  oo 

Lob's  Electrochemistry  of  Organic  Compounds.     (Lorenz.) 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Lyons'?  Treatise  on  Electromagnetic  Phenomena.   Vols.  I.  and  II.  8vo,  each,  6  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Wave  Motion  Relating  to  Sound  and  Light 8vo,  4  oo- 

Niaudet's  Elementary  Treatise  on  Electric  Batteries.     (Fishback.) i2mo,  2  50 

*  Parshall  and  Hobart's  Electric  Machine  Design 4to,  half  morocco,  12  50 

*  Rosenberg's  Electrical  Engineering.     (Haldane  Gee — Kinzbrunner.).  .  .8vo,  i  50 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery.     Vol.  1 8vo,  2  50 

Thurston's  Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

*  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat ' 8vo,  i  50 

Tory  and  Pitcher's  Manual  of  Laboratory  Physics Small  8vo,  2  co 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oa 


LAW. 

*  Davis's  Elements  of  Law 8vo,  2  50 

*  Treatise  on  the  Military  Law  of  United  States 8vo,  7  oo 

*  Sheep,  7  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,-  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary -to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law I2ino,  2  So 


MANUFACTURES. 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder — Mtro-&ellulose  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule 1 2mo ,  2  50; 

Bolland's  Iron  Founder I2mo,  2  50* 

The  Iron  Founder,"  Supplement i2mo,  2  50 

Encyclopedia  of  Founding  and  Dictionary  of  Foundry  Terms  Used  in  the 

Practice  of  Moulding i2mo,  3  oo 

Claassen's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture.    (Hall  and  Rolfe.) 8vo,  3  oa. 

*  Eckel's  Cements,  Limes,  and  Plasters 8vo,  6  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Effront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist I2mo,  i  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Hopkin's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook I 8vo,  3  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo»  2  50 

11 


Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control Large  8vo,  7  50 

*  McKay  and  Larsen's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Butter-making 8vo,  i  50 

Matthews's  The  Textile  Fibres 8vo,  3  50 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Metcalfe's  Cost  of  Manufactures — And  the  Administration  of  Workshops. 8vo,  5  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

Morse's  Calculations  used  in  Cane-sugar  Factories i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

•*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo 

Bice's  Concrete-block  Manufacture 8vo,  2  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement i2mo,  2  oo 

•Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Handbook  for  Cane  Sugar  Manufacturers T6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

Thurston's  Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction  and  Opera- 
tion  8vo,  5  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Ware's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture  and  Refining Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

West's  American  Foundry  Practice i2mo,  2  50 

Moulder's  Text-book i2mo,  2  50 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings:   Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and  Steel.  .8vo,  4  oo 


MATHEMATICS. 

Baker's  Elliptic  Functions 8vo,    i  50 

*  Bass's  jZlements  of  Differential  Calculus i2mo,    4  oo 

Briggs's  Elements  of  Plane  Analytic  Geometry i2mo, 

Compton's  Manual  of  Logarithmic  Computations i2mo, 

Davis's  Introduction  to  the  Logic  of  Algebra 8vo, 

*  Dickson's  College  Algebra Large  i2mo, 

*  Introduction  to  the  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equations Large  12 mo, 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo, 

Halsted's  Elements  of  Geometry. 8vo, 

Elementary  Synthetic  Geometry 8vo, 


oo 
So 
50 
50 
25 
50 
75 
50 
Rational  Geometry i2mo,  75 

*  Johnson's  (J.  B.)  Three-place  Logarithmic  Tables:   Vest-pocket  size. paper,        15 

100  copies  for    5  oo 

Mounted  on  heavy  cardboard,  8X  to  inches,        25 

10  copies  for    2  oo 

Johnson's  (W   W.)  Elementary  Treatise  on  Differential  Calculus.  .Small  8vo,    3  oo 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus Small  8vo,     i  50 

.Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Curve  Tracing  in  Cartesian  Co-ordinates i2mo,     i  oo 

Johnson's  (W    W.)  Treatise  on  Ordinary  and  Partial  Differential  Equations. 

Small  8vo,    3  50 
Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theory  of  Errors  and  the  Method  of  Least  Squares.  i2mo,     i  50 

*  Johnson's  (W   W.)  Theoretical  Mechanics I2mo,    3  oo 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.     (Truscott  and  Emory.) .  i2mo,    2  oo 

*  Ludlow  and  Bass.     Elements  of  Trigonometry  and  Logarithmic  and  Other 

Tables 8vo,    3  oo 

Trigonometry  and  Tables  published  separately. Each,    2  oo 

*  Ludlow's  Logarithmic  and  Trigonometric  Tables „ 8vo.     i  oo 

Manning's  Irrational  Numbers  and  their  Representation  by  Sequences  and  Series 

I2mo      i  25 
12 


Mathematical  Monographs.     Edited  by  Mansfield  Merriman  and  Robert 

S.  Woodward , Octavo,  each     i  oo 

No.  i.  History  of  Modern  Mathematics,  by  David  Eugene  Smith. 
No.  2.  Synthetic  Projective  Geometry,  by  George  Bruce  Halsted. 
No.  3.  Determinants,  by  Laenas  Gifford  Weld.  No.  4.  Hyper- 
bolic Functions,  by  James  McMahon.  No.  5.  Harmonic  Func- 
tions, by  William  E.  Byerly.  No.  6.  Grassmann's  Space  Analysis, 
by  Edward  W.  Hyde.  No.  7.  Probability  and  Theory  of  Errors, 
by  Robert  S.  Woodward.  No.  8.  Vector  Analysis  and  Quaternions, 
by  Alexander  Macfarlane.  No.  9.  Differential  Equations,  by 
William  Woolsey  Johnson.  No.  10.  The  Solution  of  Equations, 
by  Mansfield  Merriman.  No.  n.  Functions  of  a  Complex  Variable, 
by  Thomas  S.  Fiske. 

"Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,    4  oo 

Merriman's  Method  of  Least  Squares 8vo,    2  oo 

Rice  and  Johnson's  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Differential  Calculus. .  Sm.  8vo,    3  oo 

Differential  and  Integral  Calculus.     2  vols.  in  one Small  8vo,    2  50 

'Wood's  Elements  of  Co-ordinate  Geometry 8vo,    2  oo 

Trigonometry:   Analytical,  Plane,  and  Spherical i2mo,     i  oo 


MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING,  STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Bacon's  Forge  Practice i2mo,  50 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating  for  Buildings i2mo,  50 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  50 

•"*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  oo 

*  "                   "                 "        Abridged  Ed 8vo,  50 

JBenjamin's  Wrinkles  and  Recipes I2mo,  oo 

Carpenter's  Experimental  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Heating  and  Ventilating  Buildings 8vo,  4  oo 

•Cary's  Smoke  Suppression  in  Plants  using  Bituminous  Coal.     (In  Prepara- 
tion.) 

Clerk's  Gas  and  Oil  Engine Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing % 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  En- 
gineers   ' Oblong  4to,  2  50 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing *. I2mo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys i2mo,  i  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Elather's  Dynamometers  and  the  Measurement  of  Power, i2mo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving i2mo,  2  oo 

•Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers i2mo,  i  25 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication " i2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Button's  The  Gas  Engine , 8vo,  5  oo 

Jamison's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

"Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket-book i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

Leonard's  Machine  Shop,  Tools,  and  Methods 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lorenz's  Modern  Refrigerating  Machinery.    (Pope,  Haven,  and  Dean.) .  .8vo,  4  oo 
MacCord's  Kinematics;   or  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to.  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams.    ,     8vo,  i  50 

13 


MacFarland's  Standard  Reduction  Factors  for  Gases 8vo,  i  50 

Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.     (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oo> 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oa 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Richard's  Compressed  Air i2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism. 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (0.)  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo> 

Thurston's   Treatise   on   Friction  and   Lost   Work   in   Machinery   and   Mill 

Work.. Svo,  3  co 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics .  i2mo,  i  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  5^ 

Weisbach's    Kinematics    and    the    Power    of    Transmission.     (Herrmann — 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo. 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.     (Herrmann — Klein.).  .8vo,  5  00° 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  2  50. 


MATERIALS  OP  ENGINEERING. 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  so> 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering.    6th  Edition. 

Reset 8vo,  7  scr 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo> 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50- 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Martens 's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.) 8vo,  7  50* 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo* 

Strength  of  Materials I2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  manual  for  Steel-users ,i2mo,  2  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish Svo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines ' i2rno,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering 3  vols.,  Svo,  8  oo 

Part  II.     Iron  and  Steel Svo,  3  50- 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  so> 

Text-book  of  the  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  5  oa 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials  and  an  Appendix  on" 

the  Preservation  of  Timber Svo,  2  oa 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics Svo,  3  oo 

Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel Svo,  4  oo 


STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Berry's  Temperature-entropy  Diagram i2mo,  i  25 

Carnot's  Reflections  on  the  Motive  Power  of  Heat.     (Thurston.),    .     ..i2mo,  i  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.  . .  .i6mo  mor.,  5  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers. i8mo,  i  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Sparks Svo,  2  oo 

Hemenway's  Indicator  Practice  and  Steam-engine  Economy i2mo,  2  oo> 

14 


Button's  Mechanical  Engineering  of  Power  Plants. 8vo,  5  oo 

Heat  and  Heat-engines 8vo.  5  oo 

Kent's  Steam  boiler  Economy 8vo,  4  oo 

Kneass's  Practice  and  Theory  of  the  Injector 8vo,  i  50 

MacCord's  Slide-valves 8vo,  2  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 410,  10  oo 

Peabody's  Manual  of  the  Steam-engine  Indicator f2mo.  i  50 

Tables  of  the  Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  and  Other  Vapors    8vo,  i  oo 

Thermodynamics  of  the  Steam-engine  and  Other  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  oo 

Valve-gears  for  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Peabody  and  Miller's  Steam-boilers 8vo,  4  oo 

Pray's  Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator Large  8vo,  2  50 

Pupin's  Thermodynamics  of  Reversible  Cycles  in  Gases  and  Saturated  Vapors. 

(Osterberg.) i2mo,  i  23 

Reagan's  Locomotives:  Simple   Compound,  and  Electric 12010,  2  50 

Rontgen's  Principles  of  Thermodynamics.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  o® 

Sinclair's  Locomotive  Engine  Running  and  Management i2mo,  2  oo 

Smart's  Handbook  of  Engineering  Laboratory  Practice i2mo,  2  50 

Snow's  Steam-boiler  Practice. 8vo,  3  oo 

Spangler's  Valve-gears 8vo,  2  50 

Notes  on  Thermodynamics i2mo,  i  oo 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thomas's  Steam-turbines 8vo,  3  50 

Thurston's  Handy  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Manual  of  the  Steam-engine 2  vols.,  8vo,  10  oo 

Part  I.     History,  Structure,  and  Theory ; . . .  .8vo,  6  oo 

Part  II.     Design,  Construction,  and  Operation 8vo,  6  oo 

Handbook  of  Engine  and  Boiler  Trials,  and  the  Use  of  the  Indicator  and' 

the  Prony  Brake 8vo,  5  oo 

Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Steam-boiler  Explosions  in  Theory  and  in  Practice i2mo,  i  50 

Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction,  and  Operation 8vo,  5  oo 

Wehrenfenning's  Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed-water  (Patterson)  8vo,  4  oo 

Weisbach's  Heat,  Steam,  and  Steam-engines.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Whitham's  Steam-engine  Design 8vo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Thermodynamics,  Heat  Motors,  and  Refrigerating  Machines.  .  .8vo,  4  oo 


MECHANICS  AND  MACHINERY. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,    2  50 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures   8vo,    7  50 

Chase's  The  Art  of  Pattern-making i2mo,    2  50 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,    6  oo 

Notes  and  Examples  in  Mechanics 8vo, 

Compton's  First  Lessons  in  Metal-working i2mo, 

Compton  and  De  Groodt's  The  Speed  Lathe ! i2mo, 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing i2mo, 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys i2mo, 

Dana's  Text-book  of  Elementary  Mechanics  for  Colleges  and  Schools.  .  i2mo, 

Dingey's  Machinery  Pattern  Making i2mo, 

Dredge's  Record  of  the  Transportation  Exhibits  Building  of  the  World's 

Columbian  Exposition  of  1893.    4to  half  morocco,    5  oo 

u  Bois's  Elementary  Principles  of  Mechanics : 

Vol.      I.     Kinematics 8vo,    3  50 

Vol.    II.     Statics '  "  ^8vo,    4  oo 

Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.    I Small  410,    7  50 

Vol.  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,    4  oo 

15 


Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i6mof  i  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power , i2mo,  3  oa 

Rope  Driving i2mo,  2  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Sparks 8vo,  2  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication i2mo,  i  oo 

Holly's  Art  of  Saw  Filing i8mo,  75 

James's  Kinematics  of  a  Point  and  the  Rational  Mechanics  of  a  Particle. 

Small  8vo,  2  oo 

*  Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theoretical  Mechanics i2mo,  3  o* 

Johnson's  (L.  J.)  Statics  by  Graphic  and  Algebraic  Methods »  .  .  .8vo,  2  oo> 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part    I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts.  , 8vo,  3  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Leonard's  Machine  Shop,  Tools,  and  Methods 8vo,  4  00 

*  Lorenz's  Modern  Refrigerating  Machinery.     (Pope,  Haven,  and  Dean.). 8vo,  4  oo 
MacCord's  Kinematics;  or.  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oa 

Velocity  Diagrams. 8vo,  i  50 

*  Martin's  Text  Book  on  Mechanics,  Vol.  I,  Statics i2mo,  i  25, 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Elements  of  Mechanics i2mo,  i  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Parshall  and  Hobart's  Electric  Machine  Design 4to,  half  morocco,  12  50° 

Reagan's  Locomotives     Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric i2mo,  2  50 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oa 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo> 

Richards's  Compressed  Air i2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oa 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery.     Vol.  1 8vo,  2  50 

Sanborn's  Mechanics:  Problems Large  i2mo,  i   50 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism.  .  , 8vo,  3  oa 

Sinclair's  Locomotive-engine  Running  and  Management I2mo,  2  oa 

Smith's  (O.)  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oa 

Smith's  (A.  W.)  Materials  of  Machines i2mo,  i  oa 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oa 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8voT  3  oa 

Thurston's  Treatise  on  Friction  and  Lost  Work  in    Machinery  and    Mill 

Work 8vo,  3  oa 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics.  i2mo,  i  oa 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  sa 

Weisbach's  Kinematics  and  Power  of  Transmission.   (Herrmann — Klein.).  8vo,  5  oa 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.      (Herrmann — K!ein.).8vo,  5  oa 

Wood's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oa 

Principles  of  Elementary  Mechanics i2mo,  i  25 

Turbines.  >••• 8vo,  2  50 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  i  oo 


METALLURGY. 

Egleston's  Metallurgy  of  Silver,  Gold,  and  Mercury: 

Vol.    I.     Silver 8vo,  7  50 

Vol.  II.     Gold  and  Mercury 8vo,  7  50 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals:     A  Reference  Book ; .  .  .  .  i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

**  Iles's  Lead-smelting.     (Postage  9  cents  additional.) i2mo,  2  50 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

16 


Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe. 8vo,  i  50- 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess. )i2mo.  3  oo 

Metcalf' s  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2ino,  2  oo- 

Miller's  Cyanide  Process i2mo,  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.). . .  .  i2mo,  2  50 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines I2mo,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     In  Three  Parts 8vo,  8  oo- 

Part    II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 


MINERALOGY. 

Barringer's  Description  of  Minerals  of  Commercial  Value.    Oblong,  morocco,  2  50- 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo,  3  oo- 

Map  of  Southwest  Virignia Pocket-book  form.  2  oo 

Brush's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy.     (Penfield.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Chester's  Catalogue  of  Minerals 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Cloth,  i  25 

Dictionary  of  the  Names  of  Minerals 8vo  3  50 

Dana's  System  of  Mineralogy Large  8vo,  half  leather   12  50 

First  Appendix  to  Dana's  New  "  System  of  Mineralogy." Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Text-book  of  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them i2mo,  i  50 

Catalogue  of  American  Localities  of  Minerals Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Petrography i2mo,  2  oo 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects i2mo,  i  oo 

Eakle's  Mineral  Tables 8vo,  i  25 

Egleston's  Catalogue  of  Minerals  and  Synonyms 8vo,  2  50 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals :     A  Reference  Book i6mo,mor..  3  oo 

Groth's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography  (Marshall) i2mo,  i  25 

Hussak's  The  Determination  of  Rock-forming  Minerals.    (Smith. ). Small  8vo,  2  oo 

Merrill's  Non-metallic  Minerals-   Their  Occurrence  and  L'ses 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  50 
Rosenbusch's   Microscopical   Physiography   of   the   Rock-making  Minerals. 

(Iddings.) 8vo,  5  oo, 

*  Tillman's  Text-book  of  Important  Minerals  and  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo. 


MINING. 

Beard's  Ventilation  of  Mines lamo,  2  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia.  . . : 8vo,  3  oo 

Map  of  Southwest  Virginia. , Pocket-book  form,  2  oo 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects .i2mo,  i  oo. 

*  Drinker's  Tunneling,  Explosive  Compounds,  and  Rock  Drills.  .4to,hf.  inor.,  25  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8-rr>  4  ro 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals  •     A  Reference  Book i6mo,  mor.  3  oo> 

Goodyear's  Coal-mines  of  the  Western  Coast  of  the  United  States i2mo,  2  50 

Ihlseng's  Manual  of  Mining 8vo,  5  oo- 

**  Iles's  Lead-smelting.     (Postage  gc.  additional.). , i2mo,  2  50 

Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe.  .      8vo,  i  50 

Miller's  Cyanide  Process I2mo,  i  oo> 

17 


O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

"Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes i2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process iimo,  i  50 

Hydraulic  and  Placer  Mining i2mo,  2  oo 

Treatise  on  Practical  and  Theoretical  Mine  Ventilation i2mo,  i  25 


SANITARY  SCIENCE. 

'  Bashore's  Sanitation  of  a  Country  House i2mo,  i  oo 

*  Outlines  of  Practical  Sanitation I2mo,  i   25 

Folwell's  Sewerage.     (Designing,  Construction,  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses i2mo,  2  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health -. i2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works I2mo,  2  50 

Gerhard's  Guide  to  Sanitary  House-inspection : i6mo,  i  oo 

Goodrich's  Economic  Disposal  of  Town's  Refuse Demy  8vo,  3  50 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  3  oo 

Xeach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control 8vo,  7  50 

Mason's  Water-supply.  (Considered  principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint)  8vo,  4  oo 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.) i2mo,  i  25 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis i2mo,  i  25 

*  Price's  Handbook  on  Sanitation. I2mo,  1*50 

Richards's  Cost  of  Food.     A  Study  in  Dietaries I2mo.  i  oo 

Costiof  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science i2mo,  i  oc 

Cost  of  Shelter i2mo,  i  oo 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air,  Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Stand- 
point  8vo,  2  oo 

*  Richards  and  Williams's  The  Dietary  Computer 8vo,  i  50 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  50 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Von  Behring's  Suppression  of  Tuberculosis.     (Bolduan.) I2mo,  i  oo 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8vo,  7  50 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i  50 

*  Personal  Hygiene i2mo,  i  oo 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

De  Fursac's  Manual  of  Psychiatry.     (Rosanoff  and  Collins.). .  .  .Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Ehrlich's  Collected  Studies  on  Immunity  ( Bolduan) 8vo,  6  oo 

Emmons's  Geological  Guide-book  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Excursion  of  the 

International  Congress  of  Geologists Large  8vo,  i  50 

Ferrel's  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Winds 8vo.  4  oo 

Haines's  American  Railway  Management I2mo,  2  50 

Mott's  Fallacy  of  the  Present  Theory  of  Sound i6mo,  T  oo 

Ricketts's  History  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  1 824-1 894.. Small  8 vo,  3  oo 

Rostoski's  Serum  Diagnosis.     (Bolduan.) i2mo ,  i  oo 

Rotherham's  Emphasized  New  Testament c Large  8vo,  3  oo 

18 


Steel's  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Dog. 8vo,  3  50 

The  World's  Columbian  Lxposition  of  1893 4to,  i  oo 

Von  Behring's  Suppression  of  Tuberculosis.     (Bolduan.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Winslow's  Elements  of  Applied  Microscopy i2mo,  i  50 

Worcester  and  Atkinson.     Small  Hospitals,  Establishment  and  Maintenance; 

Suggestions  for  Hospital  Architecture:  Plans  for  Small  Hospital.  i2mo,  i  25 


HEBREW  AND  CHALDEE  TEXT-BOOKS. 


Green's  Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar i2mo,  i  25 

Hebrew  Chrestomathy 8vo,  2  oo 

Gesenius's  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  Lexicon  to  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.) Small  4to,  half  morocco,  5  oo 

Letteris's  Hebrew  Bible , 8vo,  a  25 

19 


UNIVERSITY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


JAN     a   194g 

a 


1955  LI 


LD 


!9Mar'6JBS 


REC'D 


WAY    21958 

N    5mi 

,     $J*68FHT 

SB1 10*62  M 


'»-- 


29  1933 


LD 


LD  21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476 


YB  17026 


832 


